From Engagement to Reflection: Explor- ing Slow Design in Social Media Inter- faces Designing and Evaluating Interfaces through Slow Design Prin- ciples Master’s thesis in Computer science and engineering Ambalavan Saravanan Department of Computer Science and Engineering CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG Gothenburg, Sweden 2025 Master’s thesis 2025 From Engagement to Reflection: Exploring Slow Design in Social Media Interfaces Designing and Evaluating Interfaces through Slow Design Principles Ambalavan Saravanan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden 2025 From Engagement to Reflection: Exploring Slow Design in Social Media Interfaces Designing and Evaluating Interfaces through Slow Design Principles Ambalavan Saravanan © Ambalavan Saravanan, 2025. Supervisor: Alexandra Weilenmann , Department of Applied Information Technol- ogy, University of Gothenburg. Examiner: Michael Heron, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology. Master’s Thesis 2025 Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg SE-412 96 Gothenburg Telephone +46 31 772 1000 Typeset in LATEX Gothenburg, Sweden 2025 iv From Engagement to Reflection: Exploring Slow Design in Social Media Interfaces Designing and Evaluating Interfaces through Slow Design Principles Ambalavan Saravanan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg Abstract This research explores how Slow Design principles can be applied to the design of social media interfaces in order to support more mindful interaction and user self-reflection. Current platforms are largely driven by engagement metrics such as likes, comments, and algorithmic recommendations, which often reinforce habitual use and reduce opportunities for meaningful interaction. To address this issue, a constructive design research approach was adopted, combining a literature review, qualitative interviews, and thematic analysis to identify challenges in existing social media use and opportunities for alternative design directions. Based on these insights, a set of design requirements was developed and used to guide the redesign of an Instagram prototype. The prototype included several features inspired by Slow Design principles: Behind This (Reveal) to surface hidden context behind posts, reflection (Reflect) to encourage personal journaling, a pause screen (Engage) to disrupt habitual scrolling, and a reflection streak (Evolve) to support long-term awareness of personal growth. These features were implemented in a semi-functional prototype and evaluated with participants through A/B Testing, and post-test interviews. Findings indicate that the redesigned features encouraged participants to engage more thoughtfully with content, shift attention away from surface-level interactions, and reflect on their own experiences. While the overall response was positive, limi- tations were noted regarding convenience, the short-term nature of the evaluation, and the absence of full-scale platform dynamics such as recommendation algorithms. The study concludes that incorporating Slow Design principles into social media interfaces can provide a viable alternative to engagement-driven design by empha- sizing depth, reflection, and participation. The research contributes to the growing discourse on mindful technology design by demonstrating practical applications of Slow Design in a social media context and outlining directions for future work, in- cluding the development of a fully functional application and long-term evaluation in real-world settings. Keywords: Slow Design, social media, mindful interaction, self-reflection, user expe- rience, interaction design, redesign, A/B testing, design principles, digital well-being, Instagram prototype, constructive design research. v Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Alexandra Weilenmann, for giving me the opportunity to pursue this research. Her guidance, encouragement, and constructive feedback were invaluable throughout the project. I am truly thankful for her support and the insights she shared, which greatly enriched both the process and the outcome of this research. I am also grateful to the participants and friends who supported me during the inter- views, survey, and evaluation process. Without their valuable input and willingness to share their experiences, this research would not have been possible. I would also like to thank the teachers and professors in the Interaction Design & Technologies program at Chalmers University of Technology for the knowledge, guidance, and support they have given me throughout these years. Lastly, I would like to thank my friend Adam, who has been by my side since the beginning of my university journey. His continuous support, encouragement, and friendship throughout these years and especially during this research, have meant a great deal to me. Ambalavan Saravanan, Gothenburg, 2025-09-29 vii Acronyms GUI Graphical User Interface HCI Human Computer Interaction UI User Interface UX User Experience FOMO Fear of Missing Out ix x Contents Acronyms ix List of Figures xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Research Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Delimitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Background 6 2.1 What is Social Media? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 The Rise of Social Media: Statistics and Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 The Positive Potential of Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4 The Problem: Social Media Design and Its Psychological Impact . . . 8 2.5 Research Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.6 Ethical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3 Theory 13 3.1 Mindfulness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2 Slow Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4 Previous Research 17 4.1 Case Studies of Slow Design in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.2 Review of Existing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.3 A Slow Design Approach to Social Media Engagement . . . . . . . . . 20 5 Methodology 24 5.1 Interaction Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.1.1 User Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1.2 Usability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5.1.3 Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5.2 The Double Diamond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5.2.1 Discover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5.2.2 Define . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.2.3 Develop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.2.4 Deliver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 xi Contents 6 Process 36 6.1 Redefining the Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 6.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 6.3 Semi Structured Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 6.3.1 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 6.3.2 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 6.4 Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.4.1 Survey Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.5 Define Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 6.6 Ideation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.6.1 Sketching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.6.2 Sitemap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.7 Semi Functional Prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.8 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6.8.1 A/B Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6.8.2 Post Semi-Structured Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 7 Result 59 7.1 Findings from the A/B Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 7.2 Findings from the Post Semi-Structured Interviews . . . . . . . . . . 61 8 Discussion 69 8.1 Reflecting on the Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 8.2 Reflecting on the Final Design Through Slow Design Principles . . . . 70 8.3 Answering the Research Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 8.4 Limitations of Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 8.4.1 Duration of Use in Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 8.4.2 Time Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 8.4.3 Prototype Fidelity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 8.5 Generalisability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 8.6 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 9 Conclusion 78 Bibliography 81 A Semi Structured Interview Questions I B Prototype Sketches III C Sitemap IX xii List of Figures 5.1 Core areas involved with IxD alongside interdisciplinary overlapping fields [47]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.2 The Double Diamond Design Process [60]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 6.1 illustrates the Home Screen with the added Behind This button (a) and the Behind This Screen (b) with contextual details and the Re- flect option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.2 illustrates the Post Screen with contextual options and ripening time (a) and the Memories View for adding narrative details (b). . . . . . . 51 6.3 Prototype of Profile Screen showing the Profile view (a), Reflection List (b), and Reflection Single Post (c). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.4 Prototypes of Pause Screen (a) and Reflection Screen (b). . . . . . . . 54 B.1 Sketch of the Home Screen of the prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III B.2 Sketches of the Behind This and Reflection Screens . . . . . . . . . . IV B.3 Sketches of the Post Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V B.4 Sketch of the Profile Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI B.5 Sketch of the Search Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII C.1 Sitemap of the prototype. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX xiii List of Figures xiv 1 Introduction Social media has become a central part of contemporary life, shaping how people communicate, express themselves, and engage with the world. Platforms like Face- book, Instagram, TikTok, and Snapchat are not only tools for interaction but also spaces where individuals form identity, stay connected with others, and consume information. They enable creative self-expression, community building, and access to real-time global events. For many, especially younger generations, social media offers a sense of belonging and a way to maintain relationships, even across distance. In addition to personal connection, social media platforms have also demonstrated their utility across domains such as education, activism, and public awareness. Dur- ing global movements and crises, social media has served as a powerful channel for marginalized voices, helping to mobilize support and spread information rapidly. Educational content, skill-sharing communities, and platforms for creative output al- low users to learn, grow, and contribute meaningfully to public discourse. For small businesses, artists, and content creators, social media offers a low-barrier entry point for reaching audiences and building livelihoods. Features like live streaming, collab- orative content, and algorithmically matched interest groups further enhance users ability to participate in global dialogues and discover new ideas. However, alongside these positive experiences, research has also raised concerns about the psychological and behavioral impact of prolonged use. Studies in the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and digital mental health have explored how design choices such as infinite scrolling, algorithmic content delivery, and notification systems may contribute to compulsive usage, distraction, and reduced well-being [1][2]. These design patterns, often referred to as persuasive or attention-capturing design, are built to maximize engagement but can lead to unintended consequences for user behavior and emotional health. In parallel, behavioral studies have documented how social media habits form around boredom, procrastination, and emotional triggers, often leading to passive scrolling and social comparison [3][2]. Adolescents and young adults, in particular, report mixed feelings finding connection and inspiration on social media while also expe- riencing distraction, stress, and reduced self-esteem when confronted with curated and idealized portrayals of others’ lives [4][5]. Meta-analyses by Goldberg et al. and Linardon et al. [6][7] show that mindfulness- based interventions delivered through digital platforms can significantly reduce symp- 1 1. Introduction toms of anxiety and depression, suggesting that the way digital systems are designed plays a crucial role in shaping mental outcomes. Meanwhile, qualitative studies such as those by Bae et al. and Chen [8][9] demonstrate how reflective design features like journaling, delayed posting, and intention prompts can encourage more meaningful and self-aware interaction online. These mixed outcomes suggest that the problem is not social media itself, but the way it is designed and used. Rather than relying solely on external solutions like screen time limits or digital detoxes, researchers and designers have begun to explore more sustainable approaches grounded in reflection and intentionality. This includes the field of Slow Design, which emphasizes thoughtful interaction, emotional reso- nance, and long-term value over instant gratification [10][11]. This research builds on that direction. It explores how social media can be redesigned to support well-being and self-reflection within everyday use. Instead of creating an entirely new platform, the project takes Instagram a widely used and highly influential platform as a case study and redesigned its core features using Slow Design principles. The goal is not to eliminate social media use but to improve its quality: encouraging users to pause, reflect, and engage more deliberately. By shifting the experience away from impul- sive consumption toward mindful interaction, this research contributes to ongoing discussions about ethical, human-centered technology and healthier digital habits. 1.1 Problem Statement To identify the problems in mainstream social media platforms, this research began with user interviews and a survey. The goal was to understand why users engage with social media, what keeps them spending extended time on these platforms, and what they expect from them. Several recurring issues emerged: habitual checking of apps even without new content, using social media to cope with boredom or escape emotions, feelings of exclusion, and frequent social comparison. The most impactful problem identified was the tendency of users to constantly view others lives on social media and compare themselves with the curated con- tent they see. This is largely driven by algorithmic content tailored to individual interests, which encourages passive consumption and an external focus rather than self-reflection. While some platform features promote connection, many reinforce validation-seeking and upward social comparison, which can negatively affect men- tal well-being. Platforms like TikTok and Instagram use advanced algorithms to maximize engage- ment by continuously adapting content based on user behavior. These personalized, immersive experiences often lead to compulsive use, where users lose track of time and develop addictive habits [12]. As shown by both qualitative and quantitative findings, users are rarely given op- portunities to engage with their own life in a reflective or intentional way while using social media. This research highlights the need to support such reflectionnot by limiting features or removing algorithmic content, but by embedding reflective practices into the design itself. Although algorithm-driven content contributes to 2 1. Introduction compulsive usage, many users also appreciate personalized recommendations that align with their interests. Rather than eliminating these features, the goal is to shift the quality of engagement toward more mindful, self-aware interaction, while preserving the core experiences users value. 1.2 Research Question This research investigates how social media platforms can be reimagined to foster mindfulness through self-reflection, using Slow Design as a guiding framework. The goal is to identify interaction patterns and design elements that shift user behavior from passive content consumption toward intentional, reflective engagement. By doing so, the study explores how alternative design strategies can support users in becoming more aware of their digital habits and emotional responses. Based on insights from surveys, and qualitative interviews, the research aims to define a set of requirements for integrating reflection-based features into an existing social media experience. These learnings lay the foundation for a redesigned pro- totype of Instagram modified to support reflective interaction while preserving the familiarity of a popular platform. The prototype serves both as a practical design exploration and as a tool for evaluating the impact of Slow Design principles on user experience. A central focus of the research is to understand how reflection can be naturally em- bedded in everyday digital interactions and how users respond to such interventions. Ethical implications, user autonomy, and the potential for healthier digital behavior are also considered throughout the design process. The study is guided by the following research question: QR. How does a Slow Design-based social media platform differ from tra- ditional engagement-driven platforms in terms of user experience, partic- ularly in supporting mindful interaction and self-reflection? Designing the prototype is a key part of this project, aiming to illustrate and test how reflection-based interaction design can enhance user well-being without remov- ing core features like algorithmic content. While existing platforms emphasize con- tinuous engagement through algorithmic delivery, this research explores how these same algorithms can coexist with more mindful, user-centered experiences. Rather than eliminating personalized feeds, the focus is on modifying surrounding design el- ements to support presence, meaning, and personal connection within digital spaces. 1.3 Delimitations This project focuses on reimagining the user experience of social media through the integration of reflection-based interaction, guided by the principles of Slow Design. While platforms such as TikTok and Instagram are referenced throughout the the- oretical framework due to their prevalence and relevance, the design intervention 3 1. Introduction is applied specifically to Instagrams interface for illustrative and evaluative pur- poses. The outcome of this project is a semi-functional design prototype developed in Figma, aimed at visualizing and testing interaction concepts. Full application development or back-end implementation, such as modifying content recommenda- tion algorithms or building server infrastructure is beyond the scope of this study. Consequently, no coded or deployable application is produced. The project emphasizes individual user experience and personal digital well-being. Therefore, it does not address the needs of commercial users, influencers, advertis- ers, or platform moderators. Additionally, it does not explore the business models or monetization strategies of social media platforms, focusing solely on interaction design and ethical UX considerations. While the design aims to reduce overstimu- lation and encourage reflection, psychological impacts such as long-term behavioral change or clinical outcomes are not measured. The prototype will be evaluated using qualitative usability testing and interviews, and not through large-scale longitudinal studies or biometric assessments. Finally, the study is limited to visual and interaction design within the scope of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and User Experience (UX). Broader policy- level or organizational interventions, such as data privacy frameworks or regulatory changes, are outside the boundaries of this research. 4 2 Background This chapter provides relevant contextual information about the research topic and the broader environment in which it is situated. It begins with a reflection on what social media is and how its meaning and role can differ between individuals. Fol- lowing this, an overview of the global rise of social media is presented, highlighting usage statistics and emerging trends. The chapter then explores both the positive contributions of social media platforms to human connection, communication, and creativity, as well as the growing concerns regarding their psychological and behav- ioral impact. To address these issues, a dedicated section introduces the research area, focusing on how principles of Slow Design and reflective interaction can re- shape social media experiences. The chapter concludes with a discussion of ethical considerations related to participant involvement and data handling. 2.1 What is Social Media? From my perspective, social media should primarily exist to connect people, enable communication, and allow them to share their own content while engaging with the views of others. Ideally, it would be a space for genuine socializing and meeting new people, free from algorithmic manipulation and advertisements. However, in reality, social media has evolved into much more than just a set of online platforms. It has become a space where people create, share, and respond to content in ways that significantly shape everyday life. The original idea of connecting and exchanging information online has been present since the early days of the internet. What made social media transformative was the point at which platforms became accessible to anyone, not only those with technical expertise. This shift empowered ordinary users to move from being passive consumers of information to active participants who could publish their own stories, opinions, and experiences. Today, social media is often associated with well-known platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat, or Twitter, but it extends far beyond these. It includes forums, blogs, wikis, video-sharing sites, and many other services that facilitate interaction and user-generated content. In this sense, social media is not defined by a single tool but by the broader principle of enabling social interaction online. The meaning of social media differs for every individual there is no one-size-fits-all 6 2. Background definition. For me, social media represents a double-edged medium. On one side, it connects people, amplifies voices, and fosters communities, giving individuals the power to influence opinions and even drive social change. On the other side, it can also contribute to distraction, pressure, and digital fatigue. Understanding social media, therefore, is not only about recognizing the platforms themselves but also about reflecting on their influence on how people live, interact, and perceive themselves and others. 2.2 The Rise of Social Media: Statistics and Trends As of January 2025, there are 5.24 billion social media users worldwide, account- ing for 63.9% of the global population. Over the past year, the number of social media users has increased by 206 million, reflecting an annual growth rate of 4.1% equivalent to approximately 6.5% new users every second. On average, individuals engage with 6.8% different social media platforms each month and spend about 2 hours and 21 minutes daily on these platforms. This means that approximately 14% of an individual’s waking hours are dedicated to social media. Furthermore, a total of 16 social media platforms now report at least 500 million active users. Among them, Facebook has 3.07 billion monthly active users, YouTube has a potential ad- vertising reach of 2.53 billion users, and WhatsApp has at least 2 billion monthly active users. Instagram also has 2 billion monthly active users, while TikTok can potentially reach 1.59 billion adults over the age of 18 each month. Snapchat follows with 850 million monthly active users [13]. These statistics highlight the pervasive role of social media in our lives. However, they also underscore the need to critically examine how these platforms are designed and how they influence user behavior. 2.3 The Positive Potential of Social Media Social media refers to a group of internet based platforms that allow individuals to create, share, and interact with content and one another in real time [14]. These platforms are grounded in Web 2.0 technologies, which emphasize user participa- tion, collaboration, and dynamic content over static consumption [15]. Social media includes a wide variety of services from social networking sites like Facebook and Instagram to content sharing platforms like YouTube and TikTok, as well as mi- croblogging services such as Twitter. Since its emergence, social media has brought about numerous positive transforma- tions in how people communicate, learn, and form communities. At its core, social media fosters human connection, enabling users to maintain relationships across distances, reconnect with old friends, and form new connections around shared in- terests [16]. During periods of physical separation, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, these platforms played a vital role in preserving social ties and supporting mental well-being [17]. From a Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and User Experience (UX) perspective, social media platforms are designed to offer intuitive interfaces that facilitate ease of 7 2. Background use, real-time interaction, and emotional engagement [18]. Features such as liking, commenting, and sharing foster a sense of immediacy and reciprocity, making digital communication feel more responsive [19]. Visual storytelling tools like Instagram Stories or TikTok videos allow users to express themselves creatively and share moments from their daily lives with minimal effort. Social media has also become an important tool for self-expression and identity formation, particularly among adolescents and young adults [20]. These platforms give users the ability to craft digital personas, showcase achievements, explore in- terests, and receive social feedback activities that are especially meaningful during developmental phases of identity exploration. Beyond personal use, social media has empowered civic engagement and social move- ments. Hashtag activism and user-generated campaigns have brought awareness to issues like climate change and others, demonstrating how digital spaces can amplify marginalized voices and mobilize global communities [21]. These platforms provide an accessible medium for people to participate in discussions, share perspectives, and advocate for change without traditional gatekeepers. Furthermore, social media platforms have proven to be valuable for education and knowledge sharing. Platforms like YouTube, LinkedIn, and Reddit host millions of educational communities and tutorials across a wide range of subjects, making learn- ing more accessible and engaging [22]. For professionals, platforms like LinkedIn serve as spaces for career development, networking, and skills-building, while cre- ative communities on Instagram or Behance offer avenues for artists and designers to showcase their portfolios and gain feedback. Small businesses, entrepreneurs, and creators have also benefited from social medias ability to enable visibility, branding, and community-building. The affordability and reach of these platforms allow in- dependent creators to connect directly with niche audiences, build loyal followings, and generate income through digital channels [23]. When social media designed and used with intention, has immense potential to enhance social connection, creative expression, learning, and participatory culture. As this research explores the psychological impacts and challenges associated with engagement-driven design, it is equally important to recognize and preserve the positive human-centered experiences that these platforms can support. 2.4 The Problem: Social Media Design and Its Psychological Impact These social medias offer many advantages, making human life faster and easier, but are they considering the psychological impact on users? Are people able to be mindful while interacting with them? Many social media platforms contribute to ad- diction and have negative side effects that impact users well-being [24]. While these platforms enable connectivity and information sharing, they are also designed to maximize engagement through features such as infinite scrolling, algorithmic recom- mendations, and dopamine-driven notifications. These engagement-boosting mech- 8 2. Background anisms contribute to digital fatigue, compulsive use, reduced attention spans, and mental health concerns. Some researchers argue that technological advances, in- cluding social media, activate the brain’s dopaminergic pathways artificially, similar to addictive substances [25]. Some even compare social media to a digital drug, suggesting that features such as likes, messages, and short-form videos provide in- stant gratification, reinforcing compulsive usage patterns. The validation from these interactions can create a feedback loop, encouraging frequent engagement and pro- longed screen time. From a sociological perspective, studies also indicate that many users feel they spend more time on social media than they intend, often exceeding their own planned usage, which raises concerns about self-regulation and digital well-being. The article "The Social Dilemma: Social Media and Your Mental Health" from McLean Hospital examines the complex relationship between social media use and mental health, highlighting both the psychological mechanisms that make these platforms engaging and the potential negative consequences of excessive use. So- cial media platforms are designed to activate the brain’s reward center by releasing dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure. This reinforcement encour- ages repeated engagement, similar to the mechanics of a slot machine, where the unpredictability of rewards keeps users returning. This design can lead to addictive behaviours, increasing the risk of anxiety, depression, and physical health issues [26]. The UC Davis Health article delves into the intricate relationship between social media and mental health, emphasizing both the potential risks and strategies for fostering a healthier digital environment. It acknowledges that social media has be- come an integral part of modern life, offering numerous benefits such as staying con- nected with loved ones, accessing information, and engaging in online communities. However, it also underscores the growing concerns regarding its adverse effects on mental well-being, particularly among younger users who spend significant amounts of time on these platforms [27]. One of the primary concerns addressed in the article is the link between social media use and increased rates of anxiety and depression. The instant gratification culture fostered by likes, shares, and comments can create a cycle of validation-seeking be- havior, where individuals become overly reliant on external approval. When users do not receive the expected engagement, feelings of inadequacy, self-doubt, and low self-esteem can emerge. Additionally, the addictive nature of social media platforms, designed to keep users engaged for extended periods, can lead to compulsive usage patterns, interfering with daily routines, academic performance, and overall produc- tivity. The article also discusses how social media distorts self-image by promoting unreal- istic beauty standards. Filters, photo editing tools, and the tendency to showcase only the most idealized moments contribute to a culture of comparison. Many in- dividuals, particularly teenagers and young adults, may feel pressure to conform to these unattainable standards, resulting in body dissatisfaction, disordered eating be- haviors, and a diminished sense of self-worth. The rise of influencer culture further exacerbates this issue, as audiences often fail to recognize that what they see online 9 2. Background is a curated, highly selective representation of reality. One of the most significant psychological impacts of social media today is FOMO (Fear of Missing Out). When users engage passively on social media, they do not actively communicate with others; instead, they mindlessly view others’ profiles, which can lead to upward social comparison and the fear of missing out [28]. Indi- viduals with high FOMO experience anxiety, low self-esteem, depressive symptoms, negative physical symptoms, and feelings of inadequacy, all of which are linked to increased social media engagement [29][30]. This issue becomes particularly prob- lematic when individuals begin to perceive others as socially superior, leading to a negative emotional response known as upward comparison [31]. Particularly TikTok and Instagram, employ sophisticated artificial intelligence algorithms to capture user attention and maximize engagement. TikTok and Instagram recommendation sys- tem continuously refines content based on user behavior such as liked videos, watch duration, and interaction patterns delivering a highly personalized and immersive experience [4]. While this design creates a compelling and engaging environment, it also fosters compulsive usage patterns, where users often lose track of time, leading to addictive behaviors. TikTok and Instagram addiction is concerning for several reasons. First, TikTok and Instagram are two of the fastest-growing social media platforms, surpassing many predecessors in both user numbers and engagement intensity. Second, their algorithm-driven content delivery systems are among the most advanced, enhancing user participation while also reinforcing addictive consumption patterns. Unlike traditional social media, where users actively search for content, TikToks "For You" page and Instagrams home and Reels pages create endless loops of passive content consumption. This increases the risk of problematic use, where users experience time distortion, compulsive scrolling, and reduced self-awareness [12]. Rafael A. Calvo and Dorian Peters, in their book Positive Computing, stated: De- spite major advancements and an incredible proliferation of devices, there is no evidence our modern tools have made us psychologically healthier or happier today than we were 20 years ago [32]. Additionally, Calvo and Peters raise an important question in their book: If a technology doesnt improve the well-being of individuals, society, or the planet, should it exist? 2.5 Research Area Rather than questioning whether technology should exist, this research focuses on how social media can be intentionally designed to foster mindfulness through self-reflection. Drawing on the principles of Slow Design, a philosophy rooted in the broader Slow Movement, this study explores how digital platforms can move away from fast, engagement-driven models and toward more thoughtful, emotion- ally grounded experiences. Slow Design emphasizes intentionality, emotional depth, and sustainable interaction, offering a valuable framework for rethinking how users engage with social media. By incorporating ideas from both Slow Design and Slow Technology, the research 10 2. Background proposes an alternative approach that encourages users to pause, reflect, and interact with content more meaningfully. Instead of focusing on restricting screen time, this research highlights the impor- tance of shifting the quality of engagement toward conscious, self-aware interaction. Through the lens of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and User Experience (UX) design, it examines how reflection-based features can be embedded into social media interfaces to reduce passive consumption and promote emotional well-being. The goal is to support more intentional, human-centered digital experiences that con- tribute positively to the user’s mental and emotional environment. 2.6 Ethical Considerations This research involves human-centered design research focusing on the interaction between individuals and social media platforms. As such, ethical responsibility is essential throughout the study, particularly during user research activities such as interviews, surveys, and prototype testing. All methods used for data collection have been designed to respect participant autonomy, protect personal information, and comply with established ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects. Participation in interviews and surveys is entirely voluntary and conducted with informed consent. Prior to participation, individuals are provided with clear and accessible information regarding the purpose of the research, the nature of their involvement, the type of data collected, and how their responses will be used. In accordance with standard ethical practices, participants are informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any point without consequence. Where interviews are recorded, participants are asked for explicit consent, and recordings are stored securely and used only for analysis within the scope of this research. No personally identifiable information will be published. All data collected will be anonymized and handled confidentially. Names, usernames, and any references that could reveal participant identities are excluded from the documentation. This research adheres to the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (European Parliament and Council, 2016), which ensures that all personal data is processed lawfully, fairly, and transparently. Additionally, Swedish legislation and guidelines, such as those outlined by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority, are considered in all phases of data collection and processing to protect the privacy and rights of participants. As the research explores reflection in social media use, potentially prompting thoughts about compulsive behaviors, FOMO (Fear of Missing Out), or emotional triggers, participants were informed that they could skip any questions they found uncomfortable. It was also made clear that the study did not ask personal or clinical questions related to mental health the focus remained on users general experiences and perceptions of social media use. In summary, the ethical considerations in this research focus on voluntary participa- tion, informed consent, data security, privacy protection, and emotional well-being. The project upholds a commitment to respectful and responsible research in line with current European and Swedish ethical standards. 11 3 Theory This chapter outlines the theoretical foundation that supports the design direction of this research. It focuses on two key frameworks: Mindfulness and Slow Design. These perspectives provide a lens through which the design of digital experiences particularly in the context of social media can be reconsidered. Mindfulness of- fers psychological grounding for encouraging presence, awareness, and intentional interaction, while Slow Design presents a philosophical and practical approach to designing systems that promote reflection over instant gratification. Together, these theories shape the researchs approach to creating more thoughtful and balanced user experiences in social media environments. 3.1 Mindfulness Mindfulness may facilitate more flexible and effective coping strategies. People with high mindfulness are more aware of their internal thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, as well as their external environments [33][34] and they are also less likely to be distracted by anxiety or negative emotions [35][36] and experience less emotional exhaustion [37]. Through these qualities, mindful people may think rationally and clearly, making more accurate appraisals in difficult and stressful situations [38]. Mindfulness is viewed as a state of enhanced attention to and awareness of current experience or present reality [39][40]. Mindfulness is the basic human ability to be fully present, aware of where we are and what were doing, and not overly reactive or overwhelmed by whats going on around us [41]. Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and surrounding environment through a gentle, nurturing lens. It also involves acceptance, meaning that we pay attention to our thoughts and feelings without judging them without believing, for instance, that theres a right or wrong way to think or feel in a given moment [42]. Overall, these definitions imply being fully present and aware of the current moment. So This research done to bring mindfulness into the experience of social media users by embedding self-reflection into platform interactions. By applying the principles of Slow Design, the study explores how reflective interactions can encourage users to be more present, aware, and emotionally engaged during their digital experiences. 13 3. Theory 3.2 Slow Design Slow Design is a design philosophy that advocates for a deliberate, thoughtful, and reflective approach to product and interaction design. First introduced by Alastair Fuad-Luke, Slow Design emerged as a response to the fast-paced, efficiency-driven culture of modern technology and consumerism [43]. Inspired by the Slow Movement, which began with the Slow Food movement in the late 20th century [44], Slow Design emphasizes quality over speed, fostering sustainable, meaningful, and emotionally engaging experiences. The core idea behind Slow Design is that design should not merely focus on usabil- ity and efficiency but should also promote well-being, mindfulness, and deep engage- ment. Unlike conventional design approaches that prioritize immediacy, convenience, and passive consumption, Slow Design encourages users to interact with products and digital interfaces in a more intentional and conscious manner. This shift aims to counteract the overstimulation and digital fatigue caused by fast, attention-driven interfaces, particularly in social media environments. Fuad-Luke outlines six fundamental principles of Slow Design that guide its appli- cation in interaction and product design: Reveal: Slow Design reveals spaces and experiences in everyday life that are of- ten missed or forgotten, including the materials and processes that can easily be overlooked in an artifacts existence or creation. Expand: Slow Design considers the real and potential expressions of artifacts and environments beyond their perceived functionality, physical attributes and lifespans. Reflect: Slowly-designed artifacts and environments induce contemplation and re- flective consumption. Engage: Slow Design processes are open source and collaborative, relying on shar- ing, co-operation and transparency of information so that designs may continue to evolve into the future. Participate: Slow Design encourages people to become active participants in the design process, embracing ideas of conviviality and exchange to foster social account- ability and enhance communities. Evolve: Slow Design recognizes that richer experiences can emerge from the dy- namic maturation of artifacts and environments over time. Looking beyond the needs and circumstances of the present day, Slow Design processes and outcomes become agents of both preservation and transformation. Slow Design principles can also support deeper emotional engagement and product attachment. One of the key ideas in this philosophy is to intentionally slow down users, encouraging them to pause, reflect, and become more aware of their actions and experiences. The Slow Movement originated as a response to the increasing pace of modern life, where constant speed often leads to stress, overload, and discon- nection. Rather than promoting slowness for its own sake, Slow Design encourages doing things at the right pace, creating space for reflection and intentional behavior. 14 3. Theory In this research, self reflection was treated as a central strategy for achieving mind- fulness in digital interactions. Instead of optimizing the user experience purely for speed or convenience, the design process focused on creating moments that invite users to stop and think about what they are seeing, how it makes them feel, and why they are engaging with it. This approach aligns with the Slow Design philosophy, which is not a fixed method or tool, but a way of thinking that challenges designers to prioritize meaning, awareness, and emotional presence. While the term "slow" is often misunderstood as unproductive or inefficient, Slow Design is about finding the right rhythm that supports both well-being and relevance in everyday life. De- signing for reflection within social media requires acknowledging modern user habits while introducing features that gently encourage more mindful and meaningful in- teraction. 15 4 Previous Research This section presents insights from previous research that helped shape the direction of this project. It includes case studies of tangible products and existing applications that demonstrate the application of Slow Design principles in practice. 4.1 Case Studies of Slow Design in Practice Using the principles from the Slow Design framework, some tangible products have been discovered and evaluated with users. The evaluation process focuses on these six principles. One research study - "Slow Design for Meaningful Interactions" [45] explores how Slow Design principles can be applied to mass-produced products to encourage mindful interaction and foster product attachment. The study specifically focuses on designing an electric fruit juicer, JuicyMo, to evaluate the effectiveness of Slow Design in enhancing user engagement. The researchers redesigned a traditional centrifugal juicer using Slow Design principles to transform the juicing process into an engaging, reflective, and ritualistic experience rather than a purely functional task. To achieve this, several Slow Design modifications were incorporated into the juicer. Transparent design elements (aligned with the Reveal Principle) gradually expose the internal structure and functionality of the device during operation, enhancing user awareness of the juicing process. Adjustable pulp control (Participate Principle) allows users to customize the fiber content of their juice, fostering active engage- ment in the experience. Furthermore, pulp reuse encouragement (Expand Principle) prompts users to creatively repurpose leftover pulp, reinforcing sustainability. In terms of physical interaction, the juicer integrates manual user interaction (Engage Principle), requiring users to turn or press a feeding mechanism, thereby increasing their physical involvement. Additionally, the social ritual feature (Ritual Principle) introduces a sharing stone, which splits the juice stream into two portions, encour- aging users to share the experience with others. Lastly, a mindful serving process (Reflect Principle) was designed into the juice container, requiring careful handling, prompting users to slow down and focus while pouring. To assess the effectiveness of these design interventions, the research team conducted a series of user studies. In a home use study, participants were asked to use time- consuming alternatives to their usual appliances, such as stovetop coffee makers instead of automatic machines. Results indicated that when users had more time, 17 4. Previous Research particularly on weekends, they found the slower process more enjoyable and relax- ing. In creative sessions and concept development workshops, designers and students were invited to generate ideas based on Slow Design principles. These sessions re- vealed that participants required concrete examples of Slow Design projects to bet- ter understand the abstract principles, leading to the introduction of a new seventh principle, "Ritual," which emphasized the role of daily routines in fostering product attachment. Further usability testing with JuicyMo was conducted with six participants in a controlled kitchen environment. Users recognized and appreciated key Slow Design principles, particularly Reveal, Reflect, and Participate. However, some principles were more difficult to grasp without additional guidance. While participants re- sponded positively to features that encouraged mindful interaction, they also noted that an excessive slow-down of the process could become frustrating, highlighting the importance of balance in product interaction. The study concluded that Slow Design can be successfully applied to mass-produced consumer products to enhance user attachment and sustainability. However, balanc- ing slow and fast elements is crucial. While certain aspects of interaction, such as juice preparation, should be slowed down to encourage mindfulness, others, like cleaning and storage, should remain efficient. Additionally, incorporating physical engagement and ritualistic features fosters stronger product attachment, ultimately leading to prolonged product use and reduced waste. The research demonstrates that integrating Slow Design principles into everyday objects can transform them from purely functional tools into meaningful artifacts that encourage reflective and intentional interaction. Another research - "Giving Form to Temporality: Extending Design Practices and Methodologies for Slow Interaction" [9] explores the application of slow design prin- ciples in digital possessions and interactive experiences, focusing on how users en- gage with their growing digital archives over time. The study introduces several products designed with slow design in mind, each fostering a more reflective and deliberate engagement with digital content. One such product, Mettle, is a slow messaging system that gradually reveals information over time, encouraging an- ticipation and thoughtful reflection rather than instant communication. Similarly, Crescendo Message follows a similar approach by allowing messages to be unveiled gradually, altering the pace at which digital conversations unfold. Another product, Olly, is a domestic music player that unexpectedly selects and plays songs from a user’s past listening history, prompting reflection on past experiences through mu- sic. The study also examines Slow Game, a minimalist digital game where users play a version of "Snake" with an extremely delayed movementoccurring just once per dayforcing players to engage with the game on a long-term scale rather than in rapid sessions. Additionally, Chronoscope, a digital photo archive interface, enables users to browse their photos based on temporal metadata, slowing down the process of revisiting past digital memories and encouraging meaningful recollection. The effectiveness of these slow design principles was evaluated through multiple methods, including home use studies, design workshops, usability testing, and field 18 4. Previous Research deployments. In the home use studies, participants engaged with interactive systems that intentionally slowed down their digital interactions. Users reported that when they had more time, such as during weekends, they found these slower experiences to be enjoyable and conducive to deep reflection. Design workshops involved pro- fessionals and researchers exploring slow interaction principles and conceptualizing new ways to integrate temporality into digital experiences. Usability testing was conducted on the Chronoscope interface, where users interacted with their photo archives in a more time-based and reflective manner. The findings indicated that while users appreciated the depth of engagement offered by slow interactions, ex- cessive slow pacing could sometimes become frustrating. Additionally, field deploy- ments of the Olly music player allowed researchers to assess how slow technology influenced long-term interactions with personal music collections. 4.2 Review of Existing Applications BeReal: BeReal is a social media app that encourages users to engage with their digital interactions more authentically and spontaneously. It sends a notification once per day at a random time, prompting users to take a photo using both front and back cameras within two minutes. This mechanic discourages excessive cura- tion, as users cannot upload pre-edited images or select the "perfect" moment. While BeReal promotes authenticity and mindful social media use, it does not fully align with Slow Design principles. The app still relies on unpredictable notifications to encourage engagement, which can create a sense of urgency rather than slow, inten- tional interaction. However, it does align with the Reveal principle of Slow Design, as it exposes real-life moments without excessive filtering or preplanning. One Sec: One Sec is a mindfulness-focused app, but users must manually add it to any app they want to regulate. It functions like a Shortcuts within the Apple ecosys- tem and is primarily designed to help users break impulsive social media habits. The app introduces a forced delay when opening social media apps, requiring users to take a deep breath before proceeding. This intervention disrupts automatic behav- iors, increases awareness of habitual scrolling, and reduces mindless engagement. One Sec strongly aligns with Slow Design principles, particularly Reflect, as it en- courages users to contemplate their digital habits before engaging. It also supports the Evolve principle by fostering gradual behavioral change, helping users become more intentional about their social media usage over time. FutureMe: FutureMe is a platform that allows users to send letters to their fu- ture selves or anyone, fostering long-term reflection and introspection. Unlike in- stant gratification-driven apps, FutureMe promotes deep engagement with personal thoughts and encourages users to set long-term intentions. This approach aligns well with Slow Design, particularly the Expand principle, as it extends the meaning of digital interactions beyond the immediate present. It also supports Reflect, as users engage in self-examination and mindful communication with their future selves. By shifting focus away from instant responses and immediate validation, FutureMe embodies Slow Design ideals in a way that contrasts with traditional social media. 19 4. Previous Research Slowly: Slowly is a pen-pal-style communication app that mimics traditional let- ter writing by introducing delays in message delivery based on the geographical distance between users. This intentional slowing down of digital conversations fos- ters deeper, more thoughtful exchanges, discouraging impulsive messaging. Slowly strongly aligns with Slow Design principles, particularly Engage, as it encourages users to be actively involved in their conversations. It also exemplifies Participate, allowing users to build meaningful, deliberate connections rather than engaging in fast-paced, disposable interactions. By removing the expectation of instant replies, Slowly creates a mindful and intentional digital communication experience. Despite the presence of several apps that promote mindful behaviors such as those fo- cused on deep breathing, or screen time management these are typically standalone tools and not integrated within the social media experience itself. While some so- cial media platforms offer features like usage reminders or time limits, they rarely incorporate self-reflection as a central component of user interaction. Most exist- ing applications emphasize external mindfulness practices and continue to rely on surface-level engagement, which can discourage deeper awareness. Critically, they lack mechanisms that prompt users to pause, process their experiences, or reflect on how content affects them emotionally. This absence of reflective space highlights a significant gap in current digital design. It underscores the need for a social me- dia environment that fosters mindfulness through intentional interactionencouraging users to engage more thoughtfully with content and reconnect with their inner states, behaviors, and intentions. 4.3 A Slow Design Approach to Social Media En- gagement A Slow Design approach to social media encourages users to slow down, be present, and connect more deeply with what they see and share online. Instead of fast- paced scrolling and chasing likes, this approach focuses on helping people reflect, express meaning, and be more aware of their digital behavior. The six principles of Slow Design - Reveal, Expand, Engage, Participate, Evolve, and Reflect originally proposed by Alastair Fuad-Luke [43], provide a conceptual foundation for this expe- rience. These principles guide the development of digital interactions that prioritize intention, meaning, and emotional awareness over efficiency or speed. Reveal This principle is about making the hidden stories and emotions behind a post more visible. In most social media today, users only see polished images or short videos, but not the deeper meaning behind them. A Slow Design approach allows users to share what the post means to them why it matters, how they felt, or what moment in life it came from. This helps others see the real human experience behind the content, building empathy and reducing comparison. Expand Expand encourages going beyond surface-level sharing. Instead of short captions 20 4. Previous Research or emojis, users can describe personal memories, meaningful people, or life events linked to a post. This creates richer and more thoughtful content that reflects the full context of an experience. It transforms social media from a quick update tool to a space where people can tell stories and document parts of their lives in a meaningful way. Reflect Reflection is at the heart of this design. Users are given gentle prompts to pause and think about how a post made them feel or what it reminded them of. They can write these thoughts privately, helping them become more aware of their own emotions and habits. Over time, this builds a personal feed of reflections that users can look back on. It helps turn social media into a space for self-awareness and growth, not just entertainment. Engage Slow Design encourages users to engage with content intentionally, not just passively scroll. If someone keeps scrolling for a long time without reflecting, the feed can gently pause and remind them to take a moment. This does not block the experience, but nudges the user to reconnect with their thoughts. This kind of engagement encourages users to stay mindful and prevents getting lost in endless content. Participate This principle is about giving users control over their experience. Instead of having algorithms decide what to show, users can shape their own journey by choosing what to share, who to mention, and how to express themselves. They can write about the people in their posts, explain the story behind the image, and choose how they want it to appear. This makes users feel more in charge and turns their interaction into something personal and meaningful. Evolve Evolve means supporting slow and thoughtful changes over time. Features like delayed posting or a timer that allows edits for only a short period encourage users to think carefully before sharing. It removes pressure to be perfect or immediate. Over time, users build healthier habits where posting becomes a considered act, not something done for quick validation. This approach helps develop long-lasting, mindful behavior online. Research from case studies on Slow Design shows that applying its principles in social media and other digital contexts can help users shift their focus from quick, automatic scrolling to more thoughtful and reflective experiences. When users are given space to pause and consider what they are seeing, they become more aware of their emotions and digital habits. Studies such as Odom et al [11] and Rauch [46] demonstrate how features that invite reflection like surfacing personal context or slowing down interactions can lead to more meaningful digital engagement. How- ever, these studies also highlight the need for balance: when interactions become too slow or overly disruptive, users may experience frustration or disengage. This sug- gests that reflection does not require removing speed entirely or eliminating content 21 4. Previous Research feeds, but rather designing subtle interventions that encourage intentional use. By supporting moments of pause and introspection, Slow Design offers a way to bring more calm, presence, and personal awareness into everyday digital experiences. 22 5 Methodology This chapter outlines the methodology used throughout the project, integrating both theoretical and practice-based approaches. It begins with a foundation in interaction design principles, including concepts such as user experience, usability, and accessibility, to frame how users engage with digital systems. The design process itself is structured around the Double Diamond framework Discover, Define, Develop, and Deliver allowing for iterative, user-centered exploration and refinement. The Discover phase includes a literature review, semi-structured interviews, and sur- vey research, aimed at identifying user needs and challenges related to social media engagement and digital well-being. In the Define phase, insights from this research are analyzed through thematic analysis to develop a grounded problem definition. The Develop phase focuses on ideation, sketching, sitemap, and prototyping, using both low and high-fidelity methods to explore reflective interaction concepts. Finally, the Deliver phase involves A/B testing evaluation through think-aloud sessions and follow up Interview to assess how well the prototype supports mindful engagement and Slow Design principles. 5.1 Interaction Design Interaction Design (IxD) refers to the practice of designing interactive digital prod- ucts, environments, systems, and services with an emphasis on how users engage with them. It involves more than the creation of interfaces; it centers on understand- ing users goals, behaviors, and contexts in order to craft meaningful and effective interactions [47]. By considering user needs, limitations, and expectations, interac- tion designers aim to create systems that are intuitive, accessible, and aligned with real-world usage scenarios [48]. The goal of interaction design is to support a seamless flow between human users and technological systems, ensuring usability, satisfaction, and engagement. Effective interaction design requires iterative testing, feedback collection, and refinement to ensure that the final product offers a positive and productive user experience [49]. Interaction design is closely related to the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). While HCI initially focused on optimizing the usability of computing systems, interaction design emerged with a broader vision integrating aesthetic, emotional, and experiential aspects into the design process [18]. Over time, the boundaries between HCI and interaction design have increasingly blurred, with both fields now 24 5. Methodology addressing similar concerns related to technology use, user needs, and interface innovation. Interaction design is inherently interdisciplinary, drawing from fields such as cogni- tive psychology, design theory, computer science, and sociology. It plays a founda- tional role in the development of systems intended for human use, particularly in the context of interactive digital products. Figure 5.1: Core areas involved with IxD alongside interdisciplinary overlapping fields [47]. 5.1.1 User Experience User Experience (UX) encompasses the full spectrum of a user’s interactions with a product, system, or service. It involves not only how usable and efficient the system is, but also how satisfying, engaging, and emotionally rewarding the experience feels to the user [50]. A positive UX arises when the design aligns closely with the users goals, expectations, and context of use. Notably, a design that performs well in one context may result in a significantly different experience in another, underscoring the importance of situational and user-centered considerations [51]. According to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 9241-210), user experience is defined as: A person’s perceptions and responses that result from the use and/or anticipated use of a product, system or service [52]. Roto et al.[53] extend this definition by noting that UX is not limited to the actual 25 5. Methodology interaction phase, but also includes the broader context surrounding the product. They propose four temporal dimensions of UX: Anticipated UX: the expectations and emotions a user has before interacting with the product. Momentary UX: the feelings and responses during an individual interaction. Episodic UX: the user’s evaluation of a distinct usage episode. Cumulative UX: the long-term impression formed from repeated use over time. These layers highlight that UX is a dynamic and evolving phenomenon shaped by prior experiences, current interactions, and future expectations [53]. Effective UX design, therefore, goes beyond usability alone it requires careful consideration of emotional responses, preferences, values, and the broader human context in which technology is used. 5.1.2 Usability Usability refers to the ease with which a product, system, or service can be learned and used effectively. It plays a fundamental role in determining the overall quality of the user experience. A system that is difficult to learn or operate will likely result in frustration, reduced satisfaction, and decreased efficiency, regardless of its functional capabilities [54]. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO 9241-11) defines usability as: The extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use [55]. Jakob Nielsen [56] identifies five key components that contribute to usability: Learnability: How easy it is for users to perform basic tasks the first time they encounter the design. Efficiency: How quickly users can complete tasks once they are familiar with the design. Memorability: How easily users can reestablish profi- ciency after a period of not using the system. Errors: The number, severity, and recoverability of errors encountered by users. Satisfaction: The degree to which the product is pleasant and engaging to use. These factors collectively influence how well users can interact with a system and achieve their goals without unnecessary cognitive load or frustration. High usability ensures that users are not only able to complete their tasks efficiently but also feel confident and satisfied while doing so. 5.1.3 Accessibility Accessibility refers to the inclusive design of digital products and services so that they can be used by people of all abilities, including those with visual, auditory, motor, or cognitive impairments [57]. Beyond permanent disabilities, accessibility also supports users in temporary or situational challenges such as navigating a phone with one hand or in a low-light environment. Designing for accessibility ensures that 26 5. Methodology all individuals can interact with technology equitably and effectively, regardless of their context or ability. To support accessible design, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) established the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), which have become the global standard. These guidelines, although initially developed for websites, are now widely applied across mobile apps and other digital interfaces. WCAG is built on four foun- dational principles: perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust [58]. These principles help designers ensure that content is easy to find, navigate, and interpret for a broad range of users. The latest version, WCAG 2.2, was published as an official W3C Recommendation on October 5, 2023. It builds on earlier versions (2.0 and 2.1) by introducing nine new success criteria aimed at improving accessibility for users with cognitive and learning disabilities, individuals with low vision, and those using mobile devices. Key additions address issues such as focus appearance, target size, and accessible authen- tication. WCAG 2.2 maintains the existing conformance levels A, AA, and AAA and continues to serve as a vital framework for creating inclusive digital experiences [59]. 5.2 The Double Diamond The Double Diamond is a widely recognized user-centered design (UCD) framework, popularized by the British Design Council in 2004. It provides a structured yet flexible approach to creative problem-solving, emphasizing both divergent and con- vergent thinking across four key phases: Discover, Define, Develop, and Deliver [60]. The first diamond focuses on understanding the problem space, while the second concentrates on developing and delivering solutions. As illustrated in (Figure 5.2), the process is not strictly linear it encourages iteration, reflection, and refinement throughout the design journey. Figure 5.2: The Double Diamond Design Process [60]. 27 5. Methodology While the Double Diamond is a well-established framework, alternative UCD ap- proaches such as the Design Sprint Methodology [61] and Design Thinking [62] also offer effective ways to approach complex challenges. Like the Double Diamond, both emphasize empathy, iterative development, and user involvement. However, they differ in structure. For instance, Design Thinking and the Design Sprint often treat ideation and prototyping as separate, explicitly defined stages, whereas the Double Diamond integrates these within the Develop phase. The Design Sprint also introduces an additional Decide phase, where teams evaluate and select the most promising idea before moving into prototyping. The Double Diamond framework was chosen for this research due to its strong alignment with the goals of user-centered and iterative design. Since the aim of this research is to explore how reflective practices can be embedded into social media interaction, a structured yet flexible process was needed to both understand user behavior and test alternative design strategies. The Double Diamond supports divergent thinking to explore problems broadly and convergent thinking to refine solutions. It also encourages continuous feedback and iteration, which fits well with the reflective and user-driven nature of this project. Compared to other design methods, such as Design Thinking or Design Sprints, the Double Diamond offers a clear structure that allows for deep exploration in the early phases and practical evaluation in the later stages, making it an appropriate fit for both academic research and design experimentation. 5.2.1 Discover The Discover phase focuses on building a deep and accurate understanding of the problem context, rather than relying on assumptions. This involves collecting rel- evant information and insights through research and engaging with individuals di- rectly affected by the issue. By grounding the process in real-world experiences and needs, this phase lays a solid foundation for the rest of the project and helps ensure that future decisions are informed and effective. Literature Review In this research, the literature review serves as a foundational component for explor- ing how interaction design, mindfulness, and Slow Design principles can be applied to social media to foster more reflective and meaningful user experiences. Literature reviews are an essential part of academic inquiry, offering a structured synthesis of previous research to inform the direction of ongoing work [63]. For this project, the review helped identify existing challenges in social media usesuch as compulsive behavior, digital fatigue, and a lack of self-awareness and provided insights into alternative design approaches that prioritize user well-being. The review was conducted using a combination of keyword-based searches and a sys- tematic snowballing approach, as proposed by Wohlin [64]. The snowballing method involves both backward and forward citation tracking: backward snowballing ex- amines references cited in a paper to identify earlier relevant work, while forward snowballing looks at subsequent research that has cited the original paper. This 28 5. Methodology iterative process helps uncover a broader range of studies and ensures the inclusion of influential and diverse perspectives. The initial set of literature was compiled using academic databases such as Google Scholar and IEEE, based on keywords like Slow Design, social media addiction, mind- fulness in technology, and user reflection. Care was taken to select peer-reviewed articles, books, and conference papers that represent a variety of disciplines includ- ing Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), User Experience (UX) design, psychology, and digital well-being. Selection criteria included relevance to the research question, publication quality, and citation frequency. The literature review highlighted that while Slow Design has been explored in tan- gible products and well-being interventions, its application in digital environments especially within social media interfaces remains underdeveloped. It also revealed a gap in how self-reflection is addressed in current digital tools, which often focus on time-restriction features rather than encouraging users to actively process their digital experiences. By synthesizing insights from prior studies, the literature review informed the con- ceptual framing of this project, particularly in connecting interaction design prac- tices with psychological concepts like mindfulness. It provided a critical basis for understanding how design can shift digital interaction from passive consumption to intentional engagement. Interviews Interviews are a fundamental qualitative research method, widely used in design and human-centered studies to gain deep insights into individuals’ thoughts, behav- iors, and lived experiences. They allow researchers to move beyond surface-level information and explore participants’ subjective perspectives, emotional responses, and contextual interpretations. As noted by Sharp, Rogers, and Preece [47], in- terviews can be categorized into four main types: unstructured, semi-structured, structured, and group interviews each differing in the level of control exercised by the interviewer. Unstructured interviews are the most flexible form, often used in the early stages of a project to explore broad themes and gather open-ended responses. This format resembles a natural conversation, where the interviewer allows the discussion to evolve organically based on participants responses. While unstructured interviews require minimal predefined questions, they still demand careful preparation around the general topics to be discussed. Their exploratory nature makes them ideal for uncovering nuanced insights and discovering patterns that might not emerge through more rigid methods. However, they are also time-consuming to conduct and analyze due to the lack of standardization and the volume of narrative data they generate [47]. Structured interviews, in contrast, follow a fixed sequence of questions delivered uniformly to all participants. These interviews are most effective when the research aims are well-defined and specific information is required. Structured formats ensure consistency, improve comparability across responses, and simplify the process of 29 5. Methodology data analysis. They also tend to be quicker to administer. However, this rigidity can limit the depth of responses, and the formal tone may restrict participants from expressing themselves freely an important consideration when discussing personal or emotionally charged topics such as digital well-being and compulsive social media use. Semi-structured interviews strike a balance between the two approaches and are frequently used in interaction design and UX research. This format involves a set of predetermined questions or themes, while still allowing room for follow-up questions and flexible exploration of emerging topics. Semi-structured interviews offer the best of both worlds they provide structure and comparability across participants while preserving the opportunity for rich, context-sensitive insights [65]. For this research, which explores reflective interaction in social media through the lens of Slow Design, semi-structured interviews were chosen as the most suitable method. They allowed participants to share their personal experiences of social media use, emotional responses, and opinions about self-reflective design features, while giving the researcher the ability to probe deeper into specific themes as they arose. Ultimately, the choice of interview format depends on the research phase and ob- jectives. In this project, interviews were instrumental in validating assumptions from the literature review and informing the direction of the design intervention. By engaging with users directly, the research aimed to align the design of reflective interactions not just with theoretical principles, but also with the real behaviors, needs, and preferences of social media users. 5.2.2 Define The Define phase focuses on transforming the insights gathered during the Discover phase into a clear and manageable problem statement. This step adds deeper context to the challenge and helps identify new opportunities for possible solutions. It involves analyzing and organizing the research data to better understand and frame the core issues at hand. Thematic Analysis Thematic analysis is a widely used method in qualitative research for identifying, analyzing, and reporting patternsor themeswithin data. Braun and Clarke [66] define it as a flexible, accessible, and theoretically independent approach that provides a rich, detailed, yet complex account of data. This method is particularly well-suited for research aiming to understand user perspectives and emotional experiences, such as the reflective interactions explored in this research. Thematic analysis can be carried out using either an inductive (data-driven) or de- ductive (theory-driven) approach. In an inductive thematic analysis, themes are generated directly from the data without trying to fit it into a pre-existing frame- work or the researcher’s theoretical interest. This bottom-up approach is especially beneficial when exploring new or under-researched areas, such as the integration of Slow Design principles into social media platforms. Conversely, deductive thematic analysis involves using existing theories to guide data interpretation, often resulting 30 5. Methodology in a more structured and focused analysis [66]. For this research, both approaches were used iteratively drawing on the theoretical lens of Slow Design while allowing new, user-driven insights to emerge during the analysis of interview and survey data. Braun and Clarke outline a six-step process for conducting thematic analysis: Familiarisation with the data: The first step involves transcribing audio recordings, reading through transcripts multiple times, and noting initial observations. For this study, this included reviewing participants responses to reflection-based questions about their social media habits and emotional engagement. Generating initial codes: The second step involves systematically identifying inter- esting features of the data and labeling them with short, meaningful codes. These codes were applied to segments that revealed user perspectives on social compari- son, emotional responses to posts, or the perceived need for reflection within digital interactions. Searching for themes: Codes were then grouped into broader themes that captured patterns across the dataset. For instance, recurring ideas around scrolling without thinking, desire for authenticity, or pressure to perform became candidate themes reflecting the user experience within conventional social media platforms. Reviewing themes: At this stage, the themes were refined by comparing them against the entire dataset. Some themes were combined, split, or discarded based on their coherence and relevance. This ensured that the final set of themes accurately rep- resented participants lived experiences and aligned with the research objective of exploring mindful engagement. Defining and naming themes: The selected themes were then clearly defined and given concise, descriptive names that reflected their underlying meaning. For exam- ple, a theme such as "Shifting from Consumption to Reflection" captured participants desire for more meaningful social media interaction. Producing the report: Finally, the themes were presented in narrative form, sup- ported by compelling data excerpts that illustrate key insights. In the context of this research, these findings informed the design decisions for the proposed reflection- based features and validated the application of Slow Design as a guiding framework. This systematic analysis provided critical insight into users’ emotional and cogni- tive responses to social media and highlighted opportunities for integrating reflec- tive prompts into digital platforms. By combining theoretical guidance with user- centered data interpretation, thematic analysis played a central role in shaping the reflective interaction model proposed in this research. 5.2.3 Develop The Develop phase focuses on generating ideas and exploring a wide range of po- tential solutions to address the defined problem. Much like the Discover phase, it encourages divergent thinking, allowing for creativity and experimentation. This 31 5. Methodology phase often includes collaboration with others, such as users or stakeholders, to co-create and refine possible design directions. Sketching Sketching is an essential method in the early stages of the design process, especially within the fields of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Interaction Design. It involves the freehand creation of visual representations to communicate initial design ideas, focusing on exploring concepts rather than detailing aesthetics or final solutions [67]. In the context of this research, which aims to redesign social media interfaces to support self-reflection and mindful interaction, sketching was a critical tool for visualizing ideas that aligned with the principles of Slow Design. Sketches serve as both a thinking process and a communication tool. They allow designers to externalize and iterate on abstract ideas quickly, making it easier to share concepts with stakeholders and collaborators. According to Buxton [68], the inherent ambiguity in sketches invites interpretation, which can enhance creativity and broaden design exploration. For this research, sketches were used to propose alternative flows for how users upload, consume, and reflect on social media con- tentsupporting mindful interaction by slowing down decision-making and encourag- ing reflection. Rather than treating sketching as a final deliverable, this research adopted it as a dynamic and reflective activity. The process of sketching helped identify how to embed self-reflective screen and mindful pauses into common user flows such as content consumption or post creation. In doing so, it allowed the integration of Slow Design principles particularly Reflect and Reveal directly into the interface ideation. Prototyping Prototyping is a core practice in design research, allowing designers to test, evaluate, and refine ideas in tangible form. Prototypes serve as experimental artifacts that help visualize how a product might function and how users might interact with it [69]. In this research, prototyping was used to explore how slow and mindful interactions could be translated into social media experiences, emphasizing reflection over engagement. Low-fidelity prototypes such as wireframes were created first to quickly test inter- face flows and core concepts like the Behind This and Reflect features. These early models helped explore how users would navigate through a social feed without tradi- tional interaction metrics (likes, comments, shares), and instead encounter reflective prompts that ask them to write about their emotional responses to content. As the design matured, high-fidelity prototypes were developed using Figma to sim- ulate the visual and interactional aspects of the redesigned interface. These interac- tive mockups were used in user testing sessions to assess the usability and emotional resonance of features aimed at slowing down interaction. High-fidelity prototypes included detailed representations of content creation screens, feed interactions, and private reflection logs. These prototypes allowed for realistic evaluations of how well the design supported Slow Design principles such as Evolve, Expand, and Engage. 32 5. Methodology By using both low and high-fidelity prototypes, this research was able to iterate on concepts quickly and evaluate user responses effectively. Prototypes were in- strumental in shifting the design focus from conventional engagement to personal awareness, helping validate that the proposed social media experience could foster more meaningful and intentional use. 5.2.4 Deliver The Deliver phase focuses on testing the developed solutions with users to evaluate their effectiveness and identify areas for improvement. This stage involves small- scale testing to detect potential issues, ensuring that the design aligns with user needs and project objectives. Think Aloud The think-aloud protocol is a qualitative usability testing method in which partic- ipants verbalize their thoughts, actions, and decision-making processes while inter- acting with a system or performing specific tasks [70]. This technique provides direct insight into the users cognitive experience and reveals where users experience con- fusion, frustration, or delight. It is commonly used during the evaluation phase of the design process, especially for low- and high-fidelity prototypes. One of the core advantages of the think-aloud method is its ability to uncover de- sign flaws that may not be visible through observation alone. By articulating their thoughts, users expose the reasoning behind their interactions, helping designers better understand the usability issues from the users perspective [71]. However, some participants may struggle to consistently verbalize their thoughts, especially if the tasks are cognitively demanding or if they are naturally reserved. In such cases, facilitators may need to gently remind users to continue thinking aloud without influencing their responses. While think-aloud is useful for evaluating overall user experience, Hanington and Martin suggest focusing on specific aspects of the interface or flow during each session to gather more structured and actionable feedback. In the context of this research, think-aloud sessions were used to assess how reflective features and mindful interaction cues were perceived during prototype testing. Post Semi-Structured Interviews In this research, post semi-structured interviews were conducted immediately after user testing to gather feedback on participants experiences with the redesigned social media interface. The interviews focused on perceptions of reflection, emotional awareness, and overall user experience, while also leaving room for participants to share personal thoughts beyond the prepared questions. This method ensured that data captured was both systematic and open to the nuances of individual responses. To ensure quality and reliability, the interview guide was carefully designed to avoid leading or negatively phrased questions, which could bias responses. Drawing from recommendations by Hanington and Martin [71], questions were structured to invite reflection rather than binary yes/no answers, encouraging participants to elaborate 33 5. Methodology on their reasoning. Probing questions were used when necessary to gain deeper understanding. This approach was particularly valuable in assessing attitudes to- ward reflection-based features, as participants could explain not only whether they found a feature useful but also why and in what contexts it might support mindful interaction. 34 6 Process This chapter outlines the execution of the Double Diamond design process presented in Chapter 4. The first phase involved conducting a literature review, interviewing the target group for this research, and distributing a survey to collect a broader range of data. The second phase included analysing the data from the interviews and surveys, combined with findings from the literature review, to define the project requirements. The third phase consisted of an ideation session involving sketching and creating sitemap. Additionally, a semi-functional prototype was developed. The final phase involved evaluating the prototype with the target group through A/B testing and follow-up interviews. 6.1 Redefining the Scope The initial scope of this research was to develop a standalone social media platform designed entirely around mindfulness, guided by the principles of Slow Design. The concept involved creating an application from the ground up that would promote self- awareness, intentional interaction, limited content consumption per day, and reduced compulsive usage. These goals were to be achieved through features inspired by the Slow Design philosophy, emphasizing thoughtful engagement, emotional awareness, and a slower, more meaningful digital experience. However, after conducting interviews and surveys with participants aged between 18 and 35, the primary target group for this research, the direction of the project evolved. Insights from the user studies revealed a common behavioral pattern: al- though participants spent considerable time on social media, most did not actively post or share content. Instead, their usage was dominated by passive consumption, browsing through others lives without engaging meaningfully or reflecting on their own experiences. Many participants admitted to feeling emotionally drained after extended use, highlighting a deeper issue: the absence of purposeful interaction, people are using social media without much thought or reflection. These findings prompted a significant shift in the scope of the research. Rather than designing an entirely new platform, the decision was made to redesign an existing and widely adopted social media application, Instagram. This choice was supported by both the interview and survey results, which consistently identified Instagram as the most frequently used platform among the target group. The revised aim became to 36 6. Process explore how self-reflection could be encouraged within Instagrams familiar structure using Slow Design principles as a guiding framework. The updated scope focuses on integrating features that promote introspection, emo- tional context, and user-defined meaning into the everyday interactions on Insta- gram. This includes creating reflective moments within the interface that gently interrupt passive scrolling and invite users to think more deeply about what they consume and how they relate to it. The goal is not to reduce speed for its own sake, but to design intentional pauses and touch points that make users more mindful of their digital habits. This shift allows the project to directly address real-world behaviors and emotional challenges experienced by users, offering an opportunity to improve their well-being without requiring them to adopt an entirely new platform. By embedding Slow Design into a mainstream application, the research demonstrate how existing tech- nologies can be reshaped to support more intentional, balanced, and human-centered digital experiences. 6.2 Literature Review The literature review for this research was conducted to understand how Slow Design principles, mindfulness, and human-centered interaction approaches have been stud- ied and applied in digital systems, especially within the context of social media. The goal was to identify key design strategies that promote mindfulness, self-reflection, reduce compulsive use, and support digital well-being. The search for academic and peer-reviewed materials was primarily conducted through Google Scholar and university databases. Keywords included combinations such as: "slow design" AND "social media", "mindfulness" AND "digital interaction", "slow technology" AND "social media", and "addiction" AND "social media design". These search terms were iteratively refined to ensure coverage of HCI (Human- Computer Interaction), UX (User Experience), and mental health focused research in relation to technology use. After gathering an initial pool of papers, a manual screening process was carried out to select papers that directly addressed design interventions or psychological outcomes related to digital platforms. The selection criteria were: • Include papers that discuss design strategies for reflection, mindfulness, and Slow Design principles. • Focus on studies related to user behavior on social media or mobile digital platforms. • Exclude papers that only deal with general internet use without interaction or UX context. In total, 36 papers were included in the final review. Key themes identified across the literature included: 37 6. Process The psychological effects of algorithmic engagement mechanisms[4]. The potential of mindfulness-based interventions to reduce digital stress [6]. Design case studies applying Slow Design to create reflective and emotionally aware interactions [10][11][72]. The effectiveness of tools like journaling, ripening time, or minimal UIs in promoting conscious interaction [8][9]. Systematic evaluations of social media’s influence on mental health and self-perception [73][2]. The reviewed literature not only confirmed the relevance of designing for self-awareness in digital environments but also offered practical inspiration for applying Slow De- sign principles. These insights helped shape the concept for redesigning social media interactions, shifting from rapid, reactive use to a more contemplative and emotion- ally engaging experience. 6.3 Semi Structured Interviews As part of the user research, seven semi structured interviews were conducted with individuals from the primary target group, aged between 18 and 35 who are currently pursuing their master’s degrees at Chalmers University. This demographic was cho- sen not only because of its relevance to the research focus but also due to its heavy involvement in digital platforms and social media usage in daily life. These partic- ipants represent a population that is both technologically literate and cognitively mature, making them ideal for reflecting on how social media influences their mental states and behaviors. Additionally, the choice was partly based on convenience, as the participants were easily accessible within the academic environment. The primary aim of these interviews was to gain a richer understanding of how these users engage with social media platforms on a regular basis, especially focusing on their motivations, patterns of use, emotional experiences, and awareness levels. Furthermore, the interviews explored the perceived impact of social media on their daily routines, productivity, and emotional wellbeing. The conversations also delved into their openness toward alternative design models specifically, features rooted in mindfulness and Slow Design principles that encourage intentional, reflective, and conscious digital engagement. These interviews served as a foundational step in uncovering authentic user per- spectives, identifying pain points in current digital experiences, and evaluating user receptivity to potential design interventions. Rather than relying solely on quantita- tive data or assumptions from existing literature, this qualitative approach allowed for a nuanced view into how real users experience and navigate the digital landscape. Their insights were crucial not only for validating themes found in literature but also for guiding design decisions later in the project by centering the redesign process around actual user needs, thoughts, and behaviors. This user-centered, empathic 38 6. Process exploration is in line with the human-centered values promoted by Slow Design, making the interview phase essential to the projects methodology. 6.3.1 Procedure Participants were selected from different fields of study, including some from Interac- tion Design, to gain insights into design perspectives and how designers view social media. All participants were part of academic networks and student groups. Each participant was an active user of at least one major social media platform, including Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, and Facebook. However, Instagram was consistently identified as the most frequently used and passively consumed platform. The interviews were conducted one-on-one and in person, depending on the partici- pants availability and location. Each session lasted between 20 and 30 minutes. A semi-structured interview format was used to allow flexibility in responses while still covering the core areas of interest. The interview guide (see Appendix A) included open-ended questions about social media habits, emotional responses to online content, awareness of usage patterns, and perceptions of design features that might support mindful use. All participants gave informed consent to participate in the study and agreed to the use of anonymized responses in the report. Notes were taken during the interviews, and in cases where consent was given, the audio was recorded for transcription purposes. The structure and tone of the interviews were designed to encourage honest reflection. While some participants were already aware of their social media behavior, others found that the questions prompted them to think about their habits for the first time in a structured way. This not only provided useful data but also revealed gaps in self-awareness an important aspect of the research topic. 6.3.2 Analysis Thematic analysis was used to understand the interview data in more detail and find patterns in how participants talked about their social media use. All seven intervi