THE RE-USE AND RE-ACTIVATION OF NORDSTAN PARKING GARAGE MASTER THESIS IN ARCHITECTURE 2013 CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY ANNA GYLLENSWÄRD MARTINA BOYTON STUDIO: MATTER SPACE STRUCTURE EXAMINATOR: MORTEN LUND TUTOR: JONAS LUNDBERG HOW TO DENSIFY CITIES AND REACTIVATE INEFFICIENTLY USED AREAS WITHIN THE CITY? More and more people are moving into cities which in turn are growing larger and larger. Recent studies show that the housing density at the same time has decreased, and that one reason for, this so called urban sprawl, could be the emergence of the suburbs. Consequently distances between different functions and areas of the city has become larger and therefore the dependence of cars are increasing. Huge parking areas dominates large areas of the city and create big barriers for its inhabitants. Cars have in some cases taken over the role of the pedestrians. When it comes to achieve a more lively and well-functioning city, reducing the dependences of cars, cities must be built more dense. Parking garages structures and open parking lands are areas that often stand empty, and are inefficiently used. This project aims to develop the idea of activating garage structures, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The site chosen for the project is an existing parking structure, called Nordstan parking garage, located in the centre of the city Gothenburg. The parking garage, with its area of over 80000 square meters, divided on 9 floors, has the ability to provide 2720 cars with parking spaces. The usage of the parking spaces seldom reaches over 70%, leaving a big area empty. By placing public areas, with flexible spaces that can increase and decrease during the day, the Nordstan garage will be a place for the inhabitants of Gothenburg to stay at. The ideas shown in this project can later be used on any garage around the world and areas that today often stands empty will be activated in a way never seen before. A COMPLEX PROBLEM Spots of parking in central gothenburg, where the land area is inefficiently used. During daytime the parking spaces are mostly used by the office workers from nearby areas and in the nighttime the areas are mostly used by inhabiters in nearby residential buildings. Spots of parking in central gothenburg, where the land area is inefficiently used. During daytime the parking spaces are mostly used by the office workers from nearby areas and in the nighttime the areas are mostly used by inhabiters in nearby residential buildings. A COMPLEX PROBLEM EXISTING CONDITIONS N SITEPLAN SCALE 1:1000 THE OPERA NORDSTAN SHOPPING CENTER CENTRAL STATION NORDSTAN PARKING GARAGE Ö stra ham ngatan Kanaltorgsgatan N ils E ricssonsgatan Norra Hamngatan CONTEXT - NORDSTAN SHOPPING MALL Nordstan shopping mall with its garage is situated in the middle of gothenburg and is one of the largest shopping malls in scandinavia, surface area counted. The mall is spread over eight blocks connected with pedestrian paths and occupies an area of 72300 square meters in total. More than 200 stores are found in the mall and about 150 offices are situated in the same complex. during year 2010, Nordstan had approximately 37 millions visitors. The mall connects directly to the train station, the large tram stop called Brunnsparken and the Göta Älv river with the city opera nearby. Due to its location Nordstan is a meeting place where a wide variety of people meet. People from the city centre, from the suburbs of Gothenburg and tourists from all over the world get together here. The garage itself is situated closest to the river and creates a large barrier, both visually and physically. The flow of pedestrian towards the river practically stops because of the location of the garage and visitors and workers within the area have no chance to catch the beutiful view over the river. Still Nordstan is a great meeting point but with its function, dominated by shopping, it is not a place where people stay during a longer period of time. This projects will add new functions to the site and with these functions, Nordstan will hopefully be a place where people can relax, meet and stay. NORDSTAN MEETING POINT SUBURBS TOURISTS CENTRE EXISTING STRUCTURE STRUCTURE DIMENSION DRAWINGS EXISTING BEARING PRINCIPLE PILLAR BEAM SYSTEM PLAN PRINCIPLE OF ELEMENT Facade against nearby building Concrete walls Concrete walls SECTION ROOF PRINCIPLE CONSTRUCTION AND CLIMATE The structure today is made of pre-fabricated concrete elements. It is engineered based on a pillar slab system, where the slabs are made of pre fabricated tt-cassettes (cc 1200 millimeters). The building is built like a house of cards, where the slabs are placed on the vertical pillar bearings. Wind loads are taken by the facade against the nearby building and the concrete walls around the corner of the circulation point. In the existing structure, no indoor climate is present, except for an elevator shaft close to Nordstan shopping centre, on the south facade. Except for that, air flows free in and out creating an outdoor zone in the entire garage. 2400 1200 7650 25 00 23 50 (mm) 14750 76 50 (mm) PARKING DISTRIBUTION HOURS FULL 12.0006.00 18.00 24.00 Peak days during christmas for example The parking distribution normally SUN STUDIES AUGUST 09:00 AUGUST 15:00 AUGUST 12:00 AUGUST 18:00 FLOOR 9 FLOOR 8 FLOOR 7 FLOOR 6 FLOOR 5 FLOOR 4 FLOOR 3 FLOOR 2 FLOOR 1 GROUND FLOOR 27 METERS CROSS SECTION OF EXISTING STRUCTURE KEEP MOST OF THE EXISTING FLOOR SLABS VOLUMES INSERTED IN THE EXISTING SLABS NEW VOLUMES OF FUNCTIONS The spacial concept is to keep most of the existing slabs and place new solid volumes inside the structure, centrally along the facade and vertically from the ground floor to the roof. The volumes create large and small rooms, both inside and in the spaces in between, where each new volume has indoor climate. Each parking slab is also connected in some way to one or several volumes, which in the end will make the garage area more safe and pleasant. All floors are connected with elevators and escalators. SPACIAL CONCEPT CONCEPT FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT The proposed function for the building is a public space with activities for everyone. Because of the surrounding commercial and business functions in the area there is a large need for a public space for people to stay at. 18:00 - ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåhljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh 12:00 ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh 15:00 ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåhljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh ljkhoih lkj i ih da h a hahuw ahd wa haw hjk hua al hu h i wawi aiuy hue hui s i o sjjsjskhh a jjjiu shslö o njh äj i jisais kao ia jsi aij dseduh sdihdölidhäåh 12:00 15:00 18:00- ACTIVATION CONCEPT The activation concept is to keep the building activated during most of the day and year. The functions can therefor expand into the parking areas when the need for parking is reduced. The same is also true for the opposite, where new volumes can be turned into parking spaces when needed. SPORT CENTRE FOOD COURT COFFEE SHOP GALLERY MIXED USED FUNCTIONAL PROGRAM A public space with activities for everyone YOUTH CENTRE BAZAAR GRAND EXHIBITION HALL CONFERENCE CENTRE RESTAURANT HOW TO ATTACK THE MONOTONIC STRUCTURE Openings Communication Spaces in between Volumes in existing structure Zoning Public rooms Exterior and interior drawings ATTACK THE MONOTONIC STRUCTURE WITH OPENINGS AND SLITS The low ceiling height are enhanced by openings and slits. The differences between the low and the high create contrasts in space and light experiences. The model shows how continous large floor plans let little light into the deep structure. New openings and slits will bring light into the structure. Small openings give diffuse light qualities and overviews. Openings create overviews and communication Double sitting possibilities Standing heightSitting height WITH VOLUMES INSERTED IN DIFFERENT LEVELS Situations for inserting volumes between slabs. Create places for sitting, standing, views out, interactions and meetings. ATTACK THE MONOTONIC STRUCTURE WITH VARYING CEILING HEIGHTS Volumes create different spaces of sensations within each volume. The spaces they create in between also create different sensations for the visitor. Low ceiling heights and large open slabs become interesting with walls and openings. WITH REFINEMENT OF EXISTING CONCRETE ELEMENTS The existing slabs and pillars made of concrete are diamond polished. In this way dirty, gray floors are transformed into brilliant, easy- cleaned, environmentally friendly and durable floors. Concrete in itself is a sustainable building material in ways that it has a long lifetime, is fire resistant, damps noise from cars and can be used as an heat supply with its thermal properties. WITH COLORS WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHT MATERIAL PALETTE Polished concrete floors simplify cleaning and enlightment Walls of wood create warmth in the overall hard concrete structure Perforated steel panels get glimps of activities from volumes Colorized concrete 1. 2. 3. 4. Peter Kunz Architektur Teresa sapey estudio de arquitectura Teresa sapey estudio de arquitectura 1. 3. 2. 4. Teresa sapey estudio de arquitectura DESIGN PHASE SECTION DRAWING SCALE 1:100 DRAWINGS EXPANDABLE AREA SECTION DRAWING SCALE 1:100 Functional programPERMANENT FUNCTIONS SPACES IN BETWEEN FLEXIBLE AREAS COMMUNICATION AREA 1. Youth centre 280 m2 2. Coffee shop 65 m2 3. Sport centre 380 m2 4. Sport bar 65 m2 5. Grand exhibition hall 330 m2 6. Bazaar 825 m2 7. Food court 275 m2 8. Gallery 660 m2 9. Scene 120 m2 10. Conference centre240m2 11. Restaurant 500 m2 Total areas Existing parking area 82000 m2 Proposed permanent area 7700 m2 Spaces in between 1300 m2 11% of the total parking area is used 1. 1. 1. 2. 3. 3. 3.7. 7. 7. 7. 6. 8. 8. 10. 9. 11. 6. 5. 5. 5. ENTRANCE ROOM 4. PLAN 1 PLAN 2 PLAN 3 PLAN 4 PLAN 5 PLAN 6 PLAN 7 PLAN 8 PLAN 9 FLOOR PLAN ORGANISATION YOUTH CENTRE SPORT CENTRE SPORT BAR COFFEE SHOP KITCHEN CHANGING ROOM CHANGING ROOM STORAGE EXPANDABLE AREA EXPANDABLE AREA PLAN 2 N GRAND EXHIBITION HALL BAZAAR EXPANDABLE AREA FOOD COURT EXPANDABLE AREA N RAMP SCENE MINGEL AREA CONFERENCE AND EVENT CENTRE GALLERYGALLERY GALLERYGALLERY EXPANDABLE AREA N PLAN 8PLAN 4 ENTERING THE BUILDING DESIGN PHASE PARKING SITUATION MARKET SITUATION “RENT A PARKING LOT FOR YOUR MARKET SPACE!” Walls on rails between tt- cassettes make it possible to enlarge areas during times when the amount of cars is small Rooms can be changed by textile hanging from the roof Ground covering like grass are added on the roof which can be used for several function A foldable carpet is rolled out when the parking space is used by functions that demand an other ground cover than concrete BAZAARFLEXIBILITY SOLUTIONS Principle section drawings on how The new volumes meet the existing structure Volume placed in an indoor climate zone between two slabs creating standing heights Volume placed between two slabs creating sitting heights Ventilation and insulation installations The space between the TT- cassette beams are used for installations of ventilation, electricity and insulation. The pipes are connected to the to two ventilation shafts in the Installation modules that are placed on top of each other. Wall meets the existing structure and creates an indoor zone. Insulation are placed between tt-cassettes Wall and roof create an indoor zone and seem to cut through the existing structure DETAIL DRAWINGS CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES Vertical load bearing Primary load bearing secondary load bearing PRINCIPLES ON HOW TO MAKE HOLE IN EXISTING SLABS PRINCIPLE FORCE PATHS Each tt-cassette can easily be taken away If a hole wants to be made in the middle of the slab, a third order bearing are put after tt-cassetes are taken away PRINCIPLE FOR REMOVING PILLARS AND CREATE LARGER ROOMS An arch on the floor above is added and takes the forces that the pillars earlier took A larger room shown by the red square wants to be created VISIONS OF FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS The concept for the re-activation of a parking garage can be applied in a larger scale, on garages all around the world. The illustrations show conceptual visions for four randomly chosen garage structures. The choice of functions within the inserted volumes are dependent on the location of the garage. If the garage is situated in a residential area, the need of parking increases during evenings and nights, hence the added volumes will mostly offer daily activities. This project could be the start of celebrating the hybrid structures of humans and cars. WORK PROCESS PHYSICAL MODEL Final presentation model in scale 1:50. Showing light situation and new spaces. Visualises how the new elements meets the existing structure. In factory hand made elements to physical model FInal roof Concept model to analize the experience of volumes PHYSICAL MODEL Conceptual model in scale 1:100. Showing how the new volumes are inserted into the existing grid. Light shaft investigations PHYSICAL MODEL Conceptual studies in models. Investigating different light shafts and openings. PHYSICAL MODEL Model of existing structure in scale 1:400. Visualising the continuous floor slabs and low ceiling height. OPENINGS STUDIES How to open upp the existing structure The existing condition with 2.4 m ceiling height, creating narrow and intimate spaces Removing every other floor, creating larger and lighter spaces. Removing every third floor, creating large and public scpace. Every other kept, every other removed creating diversity. Larger differences between floors will experince more differences. Random openings OPENINGS STUDIES How to open upp the existing structure The existing condition with 2.4 m ceiling height, creating narrow and intimate spaces Removing every other floor, creating larger and lighter spaces. Removing every third floor, creating large and public scpace. Every other kept, every other removed creating diversity. Larger differences between floors will experince more differences. Random openings OPENINGS STUDIES How to open upp the existing structure The existing condition with 2.4 m ceiling height, creating narrow and intimate spaces Removing every other floor, creating larger and lighter spaces. Removing every third floor, creating large and public scpace. Every other kept, every other removed creating diversity. Larger differences between floors will experince more differences. Random openings OPENINGS STUDIES How to open upp the existing structure The existing condition with 2.4 m ceiling height, creating narrow and intimate spaces Removing every other floor, creating larger and lighter spaces. Removing every third floor, creating large and public scpace. Every other kept, every other removed creating diversity. Larger differences between floors will experince more differences. Random openings OPENINGS STUDIES How to open upp the existing structure The existing condition with 2.4 m ceiling height, creating narrow and intimate spaces Removing every other floor, creating larger and lighter spaces. Removing every third floor, creating large and public scpace. Every other kept, every other removed creating diversity. Larger differences between floors will experince more differences. Random openings OPENINGS STUDIES How to open upp the existing structure The existing condition with 2.4 m ceiling height, creating narrow and intimate spaces Removing every other floor, creating larger and lighter spaces. Removing every third floor, creating large and public scpace. Every other kept, every other removed creating diversity. Larger differences between floors will experince more differences. Random openings The existing condition with 2.4 m ceiling height, creating narrow and intimate spaces Removing every other floor, creating larger and lighter spaces. Removing every third floor, creating large and public scpace. Every other kept, every other removed creating diversity. Larger differences between floors will experince more differences. Random openings PHYSICAL MODEL Studying how to open up the existing grid. Random or repetitive structure give different qualities. The Entrance The Bazaar EARLY IDEAS SCEME OF ACTIVITIES SECTION FOOD COURT SCALE 1:50 SCALE 1:100 The vertical foodcourt provides different sorts of multi-cultural food- stalls. Each connected with water and electricity in the back of the whole volume. All floors are connected to eachother visually through the “atrium” which goes from the bottom up to the roof. On “balco- nies” places to sit are find, where the visitor have a great view over the harbour. THE VERTICAL FOODCOURT SENSATIONS THROUGH THE VERTICAL FOOD COURT Light and lively Semidark and semiprivate PLAN 4-8 The hanging part of the art hall bringz light down in the structure. The parts of the hall are in itself a walk of experiences. When entrencing a hall it is quite and the visitor have the calmness to experiencee the exhibition at time. But when the visitor is exiting the hall to another, the person will experience the sound of people chating and eating on the floor beneath, and at the same time get a glimps of the view over the harbour. scale 1:100 PLAN ART HALL SCALE 1:100 SCALE 1:100 HANGING ART HALL THE WALK OF SENSATIONS THROUHG THE HANGING ART HALL Dark and silent Light and silent Dark and silent Views over people and harbour DETAIL OF ATTACHMENT SCALE 1:50SCALE 1:100PLAN 7-8 SECTION FOOD COURT SCALE 1:50 SCALE 1:100 The vertical foodcourt provides different sorts of multi-cultural food- stalls. Each connected with water and electricity in the back of the whole volume. All floors are connected to eachother visually through the “atrium” which goes from the bottom up to the roof. On “balco- nies” places to sit are find, where the visitor have a great view over the harbour. THE VERTICAL FOODCOURT SENSATIONS THROUGH THE VERTICAL FOOD COURT Light and lively Semidark and semiprivate PLAN 4-8 The hanging part of the art hall bringz light down in the structure. The parts of the hall are in itself a walk of experiences. When entrencing a hall it is quite and the visitor have the calmness to experiencee the exhibition at time. But when the visitor is exiting the hall to another, the person will experience the sound of people chating and eating on the floor beneath, and at the same time get a glimps of the view over the harbour. scale 1:100 PLAN ART HALL SCALE 1:100 SCALE 1:100 HANGING ART HALL THE WALK OF SENSATIONS THROUHG THE HANGING ART HALL Dark and silent Light and silent Dark and silent Views over people and harbour DETAIL OF ATTACHMENT SCALE 1:50SCALE 1:100PLAN 7-8 The Food Court The Gallery modulkoncept the light module What feelings shall the module of light bring forward? Openess, lightness, softness, pleasantness, airness, calmness How can this be done? Perforations, slits, openings, gaps, trusses, grids, light colors and light materials such as fabrics the dark module What feelings shall the module of dark bring forward? Cold, hard, narrow, high, dark... The feeling of being a small person. How can this be done? Walls, borders, corridors, passageways, distances - too close or too far away, heavy and dark materials the communication module Vertikal kommunikation Ledas uppåt eller nedåt Horisontell kommunikation Ledas framåt, vidare Visuell kommunikation Synliga kopplingar, glas mellan funktion- er och moduler. Upplever avstånd. publika modulen Vad får en plats att bli publik? Modulens koppling och kommunikation till omgivningen. Funktionen. Avstånd mellan mellan människor. Storlek. Känslan, välkomnande, öppenhet, tillgänglighet. modulkoncept the light module What feelings shall the module of light bring forward? Openess, lightness, softness, pleasantness, airness, calmness How can this be done? Perforations, slits, openings, gaps, trusses, grids, light colors and light materials such as fabrics the dark module What feelings shall the module of dark bring forward? Cold, hard, narrow, high, dark... The feeling of being a small person. How can this be done? Walls, borders, corridors, passageways, distances - too close or too far away, heavy and dark materials the communication module Vertikal kommunikation Ledas uppåt eller nedåt Horisontell kommunikation Ledas framåt, vidare Visuell kommunikation Synliga kopplingar, glas mellan funktion- er och moduler. Upplever avstånd. publika modulen Vad får en plats att bli publik? Modulens koppling och kommunikation till omgivningen. Funktionen. Avstånd mellan mellan människor. Storlek. Känslan, välkomnande, öppenhet, tillgänglighet. privata modulen Feelings: Warmth, intemacy, privacy, cosiness, homelike atmosphere, quite, calm, safe How can a public space be experienced more private? Small spatial units, seating possibilities, overviews, transparency the tempting module Reveals what’s in a different location in the building. Gives a sensation and an idea of what you’ll find in another module. “The module in between” the flexible module What feelings shall the module of light bring forth? Changable, inconstant, mutable, expanded, movable open and close How can this be done? Folded walls, something that can be folded out, walls on rails the border module The border between the excisting structure and the new public space. Visually, levels, refinement of concrete, corridors, climate shell the provocative module Surprising, illusions, maybe not completely in its right element Unconventional ways to get ahead. the green module The threshold between indoor and outdoor. Greenary, vertical gardens, green walls, trees, view towards greenary installationsmodulen Tekniska funktioner som är slutna och icke publika. Ventilation, vatten, kök, förråd, hiss mm. Modulen skall placeras med hänsyn till avstånd och smart placering. utåtriktade modulen Visar vad som pågår inom strukturen till utsidan. Skyltfönster mot förbipasserande. Avslöjar funktionen innanför lagret. Transparens, spegling, projiceing. Hänger utanför, balkonger. AMOUNT OF PARKING ZONES AND PARKING AREA FOOTPRINT IN RELATION TO BUILT ENVIRONMENT AMOUNT OF PARKING ZONES AND PARKING AREA FOOTPRINT IN RELATION TO BUILT ENVIRON- MENT ? 0 100 200 300 400 500 Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking On street parking 0 100 200 300 400 500 Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Parking garage Parking garage Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Parking garage ca498 st ca376 st? ca 90 st ca 92 st ca 204st ca 500sttotalt antal parkeringsplatser: 2370 st footprint: 36 530 m2 area parkeringsyta total: 64 730 m2 0 100 200 300 400 500 TOTAL AMOUNT OF PARKING ZONES: 2370 TOTAL PARKING AREA: 64 730 m2 TOTAL PARKING FOOTPRINT: 36 530 m2 AMOUNT OF PARKING ZONES AND PARKING AREA FOOTPRINT IN RELATION TO BUILT ENVIRONMENT 0 100 200 300 400 5000 100 200 300 400 500 TOTAL AMOUNT OF PARKING ZONES: 3817 TOTAL PARKING AREA: 113 916 m2 TOTAL PARKING FOOTPRINT: 61175 m2 PREPARATORY WORK At the very start of the master thesis project the idea was to investigate how a city of the future could look like when the technology of new cars had been implemented to our cities. Technology that assumes that cars will be able to park themselves, that they will be much smaller and hence will take much less space in our cities compared to today. Roads, parking areas on and off roads, and parking garages were objects that we started to look further into. Pretty fast the task to search for a scenario of the future felt too floating and hypothetical. Instead an already built garage structure and its characteristic architecture felt more interesting to investigate. How can these structures be changed in a much more efficient way in a nearby future with today’s technology and conditions? 10.000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0% 50% 100% 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 2370 1185 [m2] [Number of cars] [Size of the car] 10.000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0% 50% 100% 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 2370 1185 WHERE ARE THE AREAS IN A CITY? WHERE ARE THE PARKING AREAS? Off road On road Garages CHOSEN SITES FOR INVESTIGATION Masthugget Gårda Nordstaden parking garage The parking situation changes during a day depending on functions in the area Transportation area, only cars and public transport Integrated transportation area, prioritized for cars and public transport Soft transportation area, interaction between road users Integrated transportation area, prioritized for pedestrians Transportation area, only cars and public transport Integrated transportation area, prioritized for cars and public transport Soft transportation area, interaction between road users COMMERCIAL OR PUBLIC RESIDENTIAL BUSINESS BUSINESS COMMERCIAL OR PUBLIC RESIDENTIAL SITUATION PRIORITIZATION OF DIFFERENT ROAD USER IN THE AREAS TYPE OF ACTIVITY IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT ON THE SITES Cities have adapted a car dependent lifestyle. The consequences are that large attractive areas in a city are used by traffic. The standstill traffic especially demands large areas which could be used in a much more effective way. To develop a more sustainable lifestyle in cities the future mobility has to be changed. New type of mobility will help the development towards a more efficient parking situation. What follows is an identification of where the parking areas are in Gothenburg. Amount of parking zones and parking area footprint in relation to the built environment in Masthugget. Total amount of parking zones: 2370 Total parking area: 64 730 m2 Total parking footprint: 36 530 m2 0 100 200 300 400 500 On street parking Off street parking Parking garage Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Parking garage Parking garage Uncounted parking areas 0 100 200 300 400 500 Off street parking 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Off street parking Off street parking Parking garage WHO LIVES IN THE AREA? 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Z Z Z Going to work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewise Going home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going to kindergarten and then work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewis Going to kindergarten and then home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Housework Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going store or likewise Going to friends Going home Sleep Housework Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Lunch Lunch Lunch Sleep Going to activity Dinner/housework Rest Activitity Social activitity Purchase Rest Going home SINGLE & COUPLE MAN/WOMEN -Mostly MAN/WOMEN WITH CHILDREN -Some MAN/WOMEN +65 YEARS OLD 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Z Z Z Going to work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewise Going home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going to kindergarten and then work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewis Going to kindergarten and then home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Housework Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going store or likewise Going to friends Going home Sleep Housework Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Lunch Lunch Lunch Sleep Going to activity Dinner/housework Rest Activitity Social activitity Purchase Rest Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Z Z Z Going to work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewise Going home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going to kindergarten and then work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewis Going to kindergarten and then home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Housework Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going store or likewise Going to friends Going home Sleep Housework Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Lunch Lunch Lunch Sleep Going to activity Dinner/housework Rest Activitity Social activitity Purchase Rest Going home -Few Total amount of parking zones: 3817 Total parking area: 113 916 m2 Total parking footprint: 61175 m2 Amount of parking zones and parking area footprint in relation to the built environment in Gårda. 0 100 200 300 400 5000 100 200 300 400 500 On street parking 60 parking spaces ~600 sqm Parking garage Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Parking garage Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Parking garage Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Parki ng garage Uncounted parking areas WHO LIVES IN THE AREA? 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Z Z Z Going to work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewise Going home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going to kindergarten and then work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewis Going to kindergarten and then home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Housework Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going store or likewise Going to friends Going home Sleep Housework Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Lunch Lunch Lunch Sleep Going to activity Dinner/housework Rest Activitity Social activitity Purchase Rest Going home SINGLE & COUPLE MAN/WOMEN -Mostly MAN/WOMEN WITH CHILDREN -Some MAN/WOMEN +65 YEARS OLD 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Z Z Z Going to work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewise Going home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going to kindergarten and then work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewis Going to kindergarten and then home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Housework Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going store or likewise Going to friends Going home Sleep Housework Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Lunch Lunch Lunch Sleep Going to activity Dinner/housework Rest Activitity Social activitity Purchase Rest Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Z Z Z Going to work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewise Going home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going to kindergarten and then work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewis Going to kindergarten and then home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Housework Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going store or likewise Going to friends Going home Sleep Housework Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Lunch Lunch Lunch Sleep Going to activity Dinner/housework Rest Activitity Social activitity Purchase Rest Going home -Few 5,20 m 2,45 m 2,45 m 2,45 m 2,45 m 2,45 m 2,45 m 2,85 m Commercial Flexible parking / Sharing fleets Residential Parking 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Ca 2700 NORDSTADEN PARKING GARAGE PARKING AREA USED FOR COMMERCIAL CLIENTS AND OFFICES Total amount of parking zones: ~2700 Total parking area: 75200 m2 Total parking footprint: 10360 m2 futuretoday TRANSPORTATION PARAMETER What does the amount of parking area depend on? SPEED How fast should we drive and where? 70 km/h - Unsafe, large areas 30 km/h - No red lights, lines or signs needed AMOUNT OF CARS Amount of people and their needs SIZE OF THE CAR Type of car, old or new technique TIME AND COSTS Functions should stay static! New type of car Gained parking area with new type of cars Todays car 10.000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0% 50% 100% 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 2370 1185 [m2] [Number of cars] [Size of the car] 10.000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0% 50% 100% 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 2370 1185 WHERE ARE THE AREAS IN A CITY? WHERE ARE THE PARKING AREAS? Off road On road Garages CHOSEN SITES FOR INVESTIGATION Masthugget Gårda Nordstaden parking garage The parking situation changes during a day depending on functions in the area Transportation area, only cars and public transport Integrated transportation area, prioritized for cars and public transport Soft transportation area, interaction between road users Integrated transportation area, prioritized for pedestrians Transportation area, only cars and public transport Integrated transportation area, prioritized for cars and public transport Soft transportation area, interaction between road users COMMERCIAL OR PUBLIC RESIDENTIAL BUSINESS BUSINESS COMMERCIAL OR PUBLIC RESIDENTIAL SITUATION PRIORITIZATION OF DIFFERENT ROAD USER IN THE AREAS TYPE OF ACTIVITY IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT ON THE SITES Cities have adapted a car dependent lifestyle. The consequences are that large attractive areas in a city are used by traffic. The standstill traffic especially demands large areas which could be used in a much more effective way. To develop a more sustainable lifestyle in cities the future mobility has to be changed. New type of mobility will help the development towards a more efficient parking situation. What follows is an identification of where the parking areas are in Gothenburg. Amount of parking zones and parking area footprint in relation to the built environment in Masthugget. Total amount of parking zones: 2370 Total parking area: 64 730 m2 Total parking footprint: 36 530 m2 0 100 200 300 400 500 On street parking Off street parking Parking garage Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Parking garage Parking garage Uncounted parking areas 0 100 200 300 400 500 Off street parking 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Off street parking Off street parking Parking garage WHO LIVES IN THE AREA? 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Z Z Z Going to work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewise Going home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going to kindergarten and then work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewis Going to kindergarten and then home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Housework Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going store or likewise Going to friends Going home Sleep Housework Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Lunch Lunch Lunch Sleep Going to activity Dinner/housework Rest Activitity Social activitity Purchase Rest Going home SINGLE & COUPLE MAN/WOMEN -Mostly MAN/WOMEN WITH CHILDREN -Some MAN/WOMEN +65 YEARS OLD 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Z Z Z Going to work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewise Going home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going to kindergarten and then work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewis Going to kindergarten and then home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Housework Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going store or likewise Going to friends Going home Sleep Housework Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Lunch Lunch Lunch Sleep Going to activity Dinner/housework Rest Activitity Social activitity Purchase Rest Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Z Z Z Going to work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewise Going home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going to kindergarten and then work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewis Going to kindergarten and then home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Housework Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going store or likewise Going to friends Going home Sleep Housework Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Lunch Lunch Lunch Sleep Going to activity Dinner/housework Rest Activitity Social activitity Purchase Rest Going home -Few Total amount of parking zones: 3817 Total parking area: 113 916 m2 Total parking footprint: 61175 m2 Amount of parking zones and parking area footprint in relation to the built environment in Gårda. 0 100 200 300 400 5000 100 200 300 400 500 On street parking 60 parking spaces ~600 sqm Parking garage Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Parking garage Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Parking garage Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Off street parking Parki ng garage Uncounted parking areas WHO LIVES IN THE AREA? 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Z Z Z Going to work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewise Going home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going to kindergarten and then work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewis Going to kindergarten and then home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Housework Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going store or likewise Going to friends Going home Sleep Housework Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Lunch Lunch Lunch Sleep Going to activity Dinner/housework Rest Activitity Social activitity Purchase Rest Going home SINGLE & COUPLE MAN/WOMEN -Mostly MAN/WOMEN WITH CHILDREN -Some MAN/WOMEN +65 YEARS OLD 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Z Z Z Going to work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewise Going home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going to kindergarten and then work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewis Going to kindergarten and then home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Housework Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going store or likewise Going to friends Going home Sleep Housework Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Lunch Lunch Lunch Sleep Going to activity Dinner/housework Rest Activitity Social activitity Purchase Rest Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Z Z Z Going to work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewise Going home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going to kindergarten and then work Sleep Sleep Going to store or likewis Going to kindergarten and then home Dinner/housework Activitity Work Purchase Rest Housework Going to activity Going home 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Going store or likewise Going to friends Going home Sleep Housework Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Lunch Lunch Lunch Sleep Going to activity Dinner/housework Rest Activitity Social activitity Purchase Rest Going home -Few 5,20 m 2,45 m 2,45 m 2,45 m 2,45 m 2,45 m 2,45 m 2,85 m Commercial Flexible parking / Sharing fleets Residential Parking 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Ca 2700 NORDSTADEN PARKING GARAGE PARKING AREA USED FOR COMMERCIAL CLIENTS AND OFFICES Total amount of parking zones: ~2700 Total parking area: 75200 m2 Total parking footprint: 10360 m2 futuretoday TRANSPORTATION PARAMETER What does the amount of parking area depend on? SPEED How fast should we drive and where? 70 km/h - Unsafe, large areas 30 km/h - No red lights, lines or signs needed AMOUNT OF CARS Amount of people and their needs SIZE OF THE CAR Type of car, old or new technique TIME AND COSTS Functions should stay static! New type of car Gained parking area with new type of cars Todays car VISIONS DRIVING FORCES TO CHANGE TRANSPORTATION: POLITICAL FLEXIBLE PARKING SOLUTION Use the area for parking when needed and change activity in the area when there are less cars HOW COULD A CHANGE OF PARKING AREAS DEVELOP THE FUTURE CITY? New cars and smarter parking solutions will give possibilities to regain and reactivate dead areas of the city. By sharing cars, having flexible parking areas and/or improve other travelling methods, such as bicycling and public transport, we could bring areas back to the people. Developing empty and inefficiently used areas would densify the city and decrease distances to different functions. In that way the walkability will increase and hopefully give a less car dependent city. STREET PARKING TODAY On street parking and an inactivated area MOTORWAY PARKING Use motorways and integrate them in the built environment instead of having them as barriers. If building over the motorway the noise has to be considered. On the picture above you could drive right out from garage on to the motorway. The technique in the future won’t be an obstacle, almost everything is possible. The demand will control the development of cars so the question is what kind of city we want to live in? Flexible solutions, adaptable for current situation and in the future, are therefore a good investment for the city. STREET PARKING IN THE FUTURE Reactivate the street scape by integrating people and transportation. If you choose a type of living you choose a type of lifestyle ECONOMIC Change parts of Nordstan parking garage into residential and commercial areas Reactivate empty parking garages Park between existing buildings Drive and park on existing buildings Flexible parking solution Parking on existing buildings Fee of congestion Parking policy Subsidize sustainable car solutions and public transport Petrolium prices probably won’t become high enough to force people to change behaviour MORE VISIONS Side view Top view Side view Top view Side view Top view City mover SHUTTLE-MATE Quiet, clean and zero emission City mover LEAN-E Quiet, clean and zero emission City mover GTE Quiet, clean and zero emission SAFE, EFFICIENT VEHICLE SOLUTIONS Parkability Parkability Parkability VISIONS DRIVING FORCES TO CHANGE TRANSPORTATION: POLITICAL FLEXIBLE PARKING SOLUTION Use the area for parking when needed and change activity in the area when there are less cars HOW COULD A CHANGE OF PARKING AREAS DEVELOP THE FUTURE CITY? New cars and smarter parking solutions will give possibilities to regain and reactivate dead areas of the city. By sharing cars, having flexible parking areas and/or improve other travelling methods, such as bicycling and public transport, we could bring areas back to the people. Developing empty and inefficiently used areas would densify the city and decrease distances to different functions. In that way the walkability will increase and hopefully give a less car dependent city. STREET PARKING TODAY On street parking and an inactivated area MOTORWAY PARKING Use motorways and integrate them in the built environment instead of having them as barriers. If building over the motorway the noise has to be considered. On the picture above you could drive right out from garage on to the motorway. The technique in the future won’t be an obstacle, almost everything is possible. The demand will control the development of cars so the question is what kind of city we want to live in? Flexible solutions, adaptable for current situation and in the future, are therefore a good investment for the city. STREET PARKING IN THE FUTURE Reactivate the street scape by integrating people and transportation. If you choose a type of living you choose a type of lifestyle ECONOMIC Change parts of Nordstan parking garage into residential and commercial areas Reactivate empty parking garages Park between existing buildings Drive and park on existing buildings Flexible parking solution Parking on existing buildings Fee of congestion Parking policy Subsidize sustainable car solutions and public transport Petrolium prices probably won’t become high enough to force people to change behaviour MORE VISIONS Side view Top view Side view Top view Side view Top view City mover SHUTTLE-MATE Quiet, clean and zero emission City mover LEAN-E Quiet, clean and zero emission City mover GTE Quiet, clean and zero emission SAFE, EFFICIENT VEHICLE SOLUTIONS Parkability Parkability Parkability