60-credit Master’s thesis Toward an energy-sensitive society! Design Activism Beyond Borders Master’s Thesis Direction Supervisor: Marco Adelfio & Monica Billger Examiner: Liane Thuvander Katayoun Mohammadi Autumn 2022- Spring 2023 60-credit Master’s thesis An Investigation on Alleviating Energy Poverty in Swedish Neighbor- hoods Through Co-designing an Energy-sensitive Society Chalmers University of Technology Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Case Study: Hammarkullen, Gothenburg Abstract Energy poverty (EP), the difficulty in finding a bal- ance between energy expenditures and income in developed countries (Spirkova et al., 2016), became more severe after the Ukraine war and the result- ing fuel crisis in Sweden (Platten, 2022). Although most of the alleviation methods discuss the impact of energy retrofitting projects and building per- formance improvement on tackling EP, the role of inhabitants is not negligible. This thesis focuses on the role of architectural design in reducing energy poverty on a neighborhood scale with a focus on so- cial sustainability and giving active roles to people. Various methods exist to alleviate EP, from technical interventions to social considerations. However, the next step of the thesis, interviewing housing compa- nies and experts in the field of EP, identified that only focusing on technological interventions might have paradoxical results compared to the action taken in Sweden due to the gaps in energy policies. Therefore, this thesis considered social interventions such as raising public awareness of energy poverty (EP) and promoting energy-efficient behaviors more practi- cal for alleviating EP in Sweden at the current time. For the case study, firstly, Jättesten, located in Go- thenburg, was selected as it is supposed to be a part of a pilot PED (Positive Energy Districts) project. However, the interviews demonstrated that in this neighborhood, the rate of public interest in getting involved with the co-design workshops of this the- sis is low. Therefore, Hammarkullen was selected to be studied. This neighborhood struggles with social challenges like segregation, and emerging EP might worsen the problem (Sareen et al., 2022). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate EP in this area. Further- more, as Hammarkullen’s inhabitants are willing to get involved in the research projects, engaging with them during this thesis was much more uncompli- cated than with Jättesten. During this thesis’s workshops, the neighborhood was transformed into an energy-sensitive society through a co-design process with the 7th-grade stu- dents, probably most affected by EP due to being young (Churchill & Smyth, 2022), of one of the schools in Hammarkullen. An energy-sensitive society in this thesis refers to a community where people are aware of energy-efficient lifestyles, and the neighborhood itself can raise its inhabitants’ awareness of energy-re- lated issues such as EP and its reduction methods through appropriately designed public spaces such as energy cafes and interactive artistic monuments. To meet such a co-design goal, communicating and visualizing a complicated issue such as EP was es- sential in making it understandable for the students. Therefore, research on visualization methods, the key to effective communication about environ- mental issues (Chalal et al., 2022), was done. Then, collage techniques, storyboards, and a game simu- lated in an augmented reality tool were selected as tools to communicate with the 7th-grade students. These adapted methods led to spontaneous conver- sations about energy-saving behaviors among the students in an amusing way which is an essential part of the process of teaching sustainable lifestyles. The final design results of the thesis are visualized collages of Hammarkullen as an energy-sensitive so- ciety. With the help of the students, this co-designed face of the square could be a key element in trans- forming Hammarkullen into a place where inhabi- tants can learn about energy-efficient behaviors and EP through various activities in public spaces such as energy cafes. Moreover, the design interventions in the square have adopted multiple tools and interac- tive artworks to combine energy-efficient behaviors with the inhabitants’ daily life and make them un- consciously aware of such behaviors. These actions could be one step forward in alleviating EP by raising awareness and giving active roles to the inhabitants. Keywords: Energy poverty, Young people involv- ment, participatory approach, Citizen engagement, Energy-saving behaviors, Raise public awareness 2021-2023 M. Sc. In Architecture and Planning Beyond Sustainability Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden 2019-2021 M. Sc. In Architecture and Energy Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 2013-2018 B. Sc. In Architecture Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Entering Architecture school changed my life entirely. The long nights sitting late and trying to create a non-exist- ed building or neighborhood became like a hate-to-love relationship for me. Sometimes I felt that I had a super- power to change society and design behaviors through my designs. On the other hand, sometimes I could feel powerless as I could see all those fancy plans and strat- egies were not practical for people from all walks of life. In these situations, I used to come up with a ques- tion: Is Architectural design a luxury tool that could be used only by wealthy individuals and companies, or is it really meant to make a difference in the communities? Adding to these concerns, paying attention to the environ- mental impacts of my designs and trying to design net-ze- ro energy constructions were always prominent to me. To find the answers to these questions and learn how to develop a holistic perspective for designing con- structions that are advantageous for both societies and the environment while also taking into account eco- nomic benefits, I became motivated to begin a second Master’s program at Chalmers University in Sweden. A short story of my life Hi! It’s me! I studied both Archi- tecture and building physics at university. We used to design energy-efficient buildings and were satisfied by them. But there was a question in my mind... Would also the users be happy with our designs? How could we involve them in our design process? To find the answer, I came to Sweden... I learned how to communicate with people and involve them in the proj- ects here. As I was interested in design, energy optimization methods, and commu- nication, I decided to challenge my- self with a one-year thesis... At Chalmers, I always attempted to get involved in the studios which consider both the social and environ- mental aspects of sustainability. During these cours- es, I learned more about participatory approaches to engage different groups of stakeholders and people with projects. The outcome of these studios, my aca- demic skills, and my passions motivated me to work on a relatively new issue in Sweden: energy poverty. This newly arisen problem captured my attention as it could challenge me with all factors that have been important to me as soon as I became an Architecture student. First, rethinking the methods to provide af- fordable access to energy for everyone is close to my desire to plan for a beneficial strategy for diverse groups of people. Secondly, designing and manag- ing low-carbon and net-zero energy buildings and neighborhoods are related to the skills I gained in my first Master’s degree. Finally, analyzing the cur- rent issues and trying to find solutions to build a sustainable society is another essential factor to me. As a result, I am grateful that I have begun a journey to combine all of my skills and passions while learn- ing new ones to take my first step toward becoming a designer who not only knows how to communicate with people and create a dialogue between them and companies but also knows how to play an influential role in energy transition projects. To work on the energy poverty is- sue, which in my belief, require all of these skills and even more to be alleviated. Table of Contents Energy poverty is coming! 1. Introduction & Project Overview 1.1. Background and problem descrip- tion 1.2. Aim and research question 1.3. Methods and tools Hi Hammarkullen! 2. The Second Chapter: About the Case Study 2.1. Case study 2.1.1. Why Hammarkullen? 2.1.2. Why Hammarkullen square? 2.2. Flashback to the social inclusion stu- dio 2.2.1. How can the social inclusion proj- ect contribute to this thesis’ goals? 2.2.2. Description of collected data from the ‘’Big meeting’’ Time to broadening knowledge! 3. Literature studies 3.1. Energy poverty definition 3.2. Energy poverty definition in Sweden 3.3. The impacts of energy poverty 3.4. Anti-poverty approaches 3.5. Behavioral models 3.6. Visualization methods 3.7. Bridging from theory to design: Could designing an app be a solution to alleviate EP? 3.8. Energy community 3.9. Best practices of energy communities Let’s talk to each other! 4. Interviews 4.1. Is Jättesten a welcoming neighborhood for this thesis? 4.2. Designing an app to raise awareness and create inhabitants involvement? 4.3. How do the housing companies deal with EP? 4.4. Hi again, Hammarkullen! 4.5. Hello Nytorpsskolan! Time to wrap up! 5. Literature studies and interviews learning outcome We need each other’s help! 6. Workshops 6.1. The first workshop 6.2. The second workshop Let’s get empowered against energy poverty! 7. Finalizing co-design part 7.1. Co-designed energy café 7.1.1. About the final design of the energy café 7.2. Co-designed energy center 7.2.1. Co-designed Tram Station 7.2.2. Co-designed energy-sensitive center Goodbye or hello? That is the question! 8. Discussing the results 8.1. Discussion 8.2. A final note from the author Need more information? 9. Appendix 97 103 102 59 71 81 85 41 43 44 46 47 1 2 3 11 11 11 13 13 14 25 26 26 27 30 31 35 37 38 87 88 91 En er gy P ov er ty is C om in g! Introduction & Project Overview Fig. 1.1. The journey of this thesis 2 1.1. Background and Problem Description Energy poverty (EP) is a global issue that can have different meanings based on the characteristic of a country. Its definition in developing and underde- veloped countries refers to providing people with access to energy resources, while in developed coun- tries, it is about ensuring that all the inhabitants do not have any difficulties paying their energy bills. As this thesis focuses on Swedish neighborhoods, the meaning of EP in this study is mainly about af- fordability to make sure there is a balance between households’ energy expenditures and their income (Spirkova et al., 2016). Concentrating on this thesis’s context, EP was a rel- atively minor issue in Sweden compared to its other European counterparts until the end of 2021. The reason could be found in this country’s strong social support system and high energy performance of building stock. Moreover, there was another pro- tection for the tenants called “warm rent,” meaning that the heating cost is included in the paid monthly rent (Platten, 2022). But, the Ukraine war and the re- sulting fuel shortage in Europe changed the situation in Sweden. The energy price increased, and many Swedish sectors, including housing one, were affect- ed by that. As a result, energy poverty showed up in Sweden and brought challenges for some households to heat their houses. During this year, mainly rural areas and the residents living in detached houses have been affected by this problem, and the ones liv- ing in rental homes have had more protection due to the capital of housing companies (Platten, 2022). However, if energy poverty could not be alleviated, even the tenants would be faced with an increase in rents to compensate for the rise in energy costs. Even now, it can be seen that some of the policies are going to be changed. For instance, since July 2022, individual metering and billing, called IMD, has been discussed to be applied for apartment buildings with the worst energy performance. In these buildings, the heating and domestic hot water would be measured separately, and the cost would be sepa- rated from the warm rent, and already the IMD has been used in some districts (Boverket website, 2022). This increase in fuel cost would have more negative impacts on vulnerable families. Vulnerability in the context of EP refers to families with lower income than average, households who are not familiar with the methods to save energy and control their ener- gy consumption, or a combination of both (Dubios & Meier, 2016). As vulnerable inhabitants usually become marginalized in society, some challeng- es, such as EP and the lack of proper information among the inhabitants, could accelerate segregation in a community. The importance of this subject be- comes even more highlightable in already segregat- ed neighborhoods such as Hammarkullen to control the emerging EP challenge’s negative side effects on its inhabitants. These negative effects of EP are even more significant on the younger generations due to a few reasons (Spirkova et al., 2016): First of all, energy poverty can result in poor living conditions, which can threaten both physical and mental health (Thomson et al., 2017), although everyone, regard- less of their age groups deserve to live in a situation in which their health-related condition is acceptable, the importance of taking care of the youth’s health is even more prominent as they are in their growing age. Second, energy poverty can impact young people’s education and opportunities for the future. For in- stance, they need consistent access to electricity at home, which would limit their ability to study or complete schoolwork at night. This may affect their academic progress and reduce their opportunities to pursue further education or find employment in the future (Banerjee et al., 2021). Thirdly, energy poverty can worsen social injus- tices and keep people in poverty for a long time. As mentioned, energy poverty is more common She is Sweden’s social support system. For a long time, she protected Swed- ish households and brought satisfac- tion for them. But, the situation changed due to Ukraine war. Fuel shortage resulted in an increase in energy costs. So, energy poverty showed up itself in Sweden. And some households were affected by energy poverty. 1.2. Aim and Research Question Social support system among young people from low-income fami- lies, which might restrict their possibilities and repeat disadvantageous tendencies. This may result in a vicious cycle of poverty that is chal- lenging to escape (Churchill & Smyth, 2022). Therefore, there is an urgent need to find solutions to alleviate EP to not only provide affordable access to energy resources for everyone but also prevent the ac- celeration of inequality in the community and guar- antee a brighter and socially sustainable society for all the inhabitants specially for the future generations. Aim: Provide an example of how energy pover- ty could be tackled on a neighborhood level in Swe- den by involving the youth and promoting energy-sav- ing behaviors to co-design an energy-sensitive society. This thesis focuses on the role of architectural design in alleviating energy poverty (EP) in Swedish neigh- borhoods, with a specific case study on Hammarku- len, Gothenburg. The aim is to find quick reactions and long-term responses to the rising EP crisis in Sweden, especially among the younger generation, which are essential for securing a sustainable future. The thesis will collaborate with young people living in Hammarkullen to test techniques that increase awareness of EP and teach energy-saving habits. Additionally, the thesis aims to co-design the Ham- markullen Center with the youth to transform the square into an energy-sensitive center, providing a sense of belonging to their neighborhood. Overall, this thesis investigates artistic and architectural meth- ods to alleviate EP and promote energy-saving behav- iors, focusing on engaging the youth in the project. Therefore, the main research question is: How can architectural design alleviate energy poverty in Swedish neighborhood? To find the answer, three operational questions have been defined: Fig. 1.2. Problem description 1 The first question investigates the anti-poverty ap- proaches tested in other European countries to learn from similar projects. These anti-poverty approaches explore two different aspects: Tech- nical and social. The technical approaches would help learn more about the methods that opti- mize energy consumption. The social ones refer to the strategies that would raise public aware- ness of EP and promote energy-efficient behaviors. The second question aims to find out how more energy-efficient ones could re- place the current habits among people. The third question would lead to a broader knowl- edge of how to encourage the inhabitants to fol- low energy-efficient habits. Moreover, these meth- ods would be practical to act as a bridge between theories and design and bring all the learning outcomes from the literature studies into the de- sign to accomplish the objective of this thesis. 1- What are the tested anti-poverty approaches in other countries? 2- How could a behavior be changed and replaced with an energy-efficient one 3-Which visualization methods are more practi- cal for communicating with inhabitants, especial- ly the younger ones? 1.3. Methods and Tools The main research question includes a few parts that should be investigated separately in this thesis. The first part is the scope and dimension of energy pov- erty in Sweden. As this problem used to be relatively small in this country, there is no official definition for that (Platten, 2022). In this case, the first step is acquiring a deep understanding of EP in the Swedish context with the help of literature studies and Literature studies, interviews with housing companies and experts familiar with EP and the case study area, work- shops, game design, co-designing of energy cafe and ham- markullen center. Visualizing the results with the help of collage. interviews with housing companies. The first inter- views in this part were conducted with people work- ing in Poseidon, the landlord of the first case study, Jät- testen, to estimate the dimension of EP and the energy crisis in this neighborhood and determine whether it is possible to have a co-design process in this area. The second interview was held with Bror Johansson & Co AB, a private housing company. The reason for having this interview was that beyond the borders of a particular neighborhood, all the areas of Gothen- burg struggle with the same social challenges and legal barriers when encountering the current energy crisis. Moreover, as this company was trying to pro- mote energy-saving behaviors through installing fly- ers in their buildings, which is similar to this thesis’s goals, it seemed to be a good candidate to learn from their experiences. Furthermore, some short discussions were done with Mikael Mangold. Mikael Mangold and his re- search team mainly work on energy efficiency and segregation issues with a focus on national and European target groups (Adapted from his pro- file on the RISE website). These discussions helped understand the definition of EP in Sweden deeper. Another interviewee was Claes Johansson, the dep- uty chairman of the Gothenburg waste and wa- ter management department, to learn about the Swedish rules and restrictions in designing en- ergy communities and producing energy locally. Backing to the research question, the second part investigates various anti-poverty approaches tested in other counties, which could be met with the help of literature studies and analyzing similar European projects to figure out which methods or tools might be practical in Sweden to tackle EP. Another part of the research question is to alleviate EP through design by hearing people’s voices and considering their needs to engage them with ener- gy projects by the means of participatory approach- es. To meet this goal, published articles can open a horizon of tested strategies that could be practical for communicating with people. Then, interviews with 3 4 (Bridging from theory to design) 5 66 with Ola Terlegård, an active member of the Vårt Hammarkullen association, and Joachim Svärd, Nytorpsskolan’s teachers, made it possible to hold a collage workshop with the teenagers living in Ham- markullen. These workshops are part of this thesis’s co-design process. To complete the first workshop and test a digital tool to have a co-design workshop with the teenagers, augmented reality would be used as a gaming tool to co-design the Hammarkullen center in to combine Fig. 1.3. Methodology of the thesis energy-saving behavior with the inhabitants’ daily lives with the help of students. Finally, the results of these interviews and work- shops were gathered and pictured with the help of a collage to visualize an energy-sensitive society and its required public spaces such as energy cafe with the aim of suggesting various activities and methods which can result in raising public awareness of ener- gy-efficient behaviors an involve the inhabitants in the process of EP alleviation. Literature Studies Fig. 1.4. Delimitation diagram Fig. 1.4. The darkness of energy poverty could be overcome when people, decision-makers, and researchers work hand in hand to create an energy-sensitive society. Images used in this collage have been inspired from: Rob Hodgson, the Shutterstock website. Art studio life website, Pngtree and Freepik websites H i H am m ar ku lle n! About the Case Study 11 Project Overview 2.1. Case Study Hammarkullen, Gothenburg, Sweden The square of the neighborhood that would be developed in a few years Hammarkullen Square, or hammarkulletorget, is sit- uated near this neighborhood’s only tram station. In 2021, three architectural proposals were presented to the residents as future development plans for the cen- ter. As these proposals needed to be clearer to Ham- markullen’s inhabitants, they asked Chalmers to help them to establish a common dialogue with Bostads- bolaet, the housing company of the area, to encour- age them to involve the tenants in the development process. Therefore, this request became a project plan for the social inclusion studio, one of the Master’s courses in architecture and planning beyond sustain- ability program. The thesis’s author was involved in the project with Viktor Nording and Tahrene de Vos, which made her familiar with the neighborhood. As this thesis looks for ways to create an energy-sen- sitive community through participatory approaches, this neighborhood could be a good candidate due to its mentioned characteristic. Moreover, the square is part of an active development project, and this the- sis wants to investigate how it could be designed and developed to meet the development requirements and also promote energy-saving behaviors. Gothenburg on the Sweden map 2.1.1. Why Hammarkullen? Hammarkullen is a neighborhood located in the norther-eastern part of Gothenburg city. This dis- trict was built between 1968 and 1970 as a part of the million program project (Source: Gothenburg city website). Although Hammarkullen is known as a vulnerable area and struggles with challenges such as social and economic ones, its unique char- acter distinguishes it from other neighborhoods in Gothenburg with similar issues. The fantastic and exceptional character of Hammarkullen is the ex- traordinary motivation of its residents to play an active role in their living area. This desire makes Hammarkullen a dynamic community with various associations run by the tenants and inhabitants. Thus, unlike Jättesten, holding workshops and meetings in Hammarkullen would be much more straightfor- ward. It means having co-design and co-discussing processes that could be tested and followed in this area which is vital for meeting the goals of this thesis. Moreover, the author has been involved in a project related to Hammarkullen in the social inclusion stu- dio; hence, there is sufficient knowledge of the area beside the network to hold events in the district. Hammarkullen Gothenburg Center Fig. 2.1. Hammarkullen on the Gothenburg map Fig. 2.2. The Hammarkullen square on the neighborhood 2.1.2. Why Hammarkullen square? Fig. 2.3. Taken by the author 13 Project Overview The ‘’Big meeting’’ and an exhibition were the first step in establishing a dialogue between the housing com- pany and the residents to make the final proposal un- derstandable for people and consider their needs and viewpoints in the next phase of evaluating the proposal. This project was a learning process filled with many experiences and emotions that opened up a new horizon for everyone who contributed. This project involved the Hammarkullen’s inhab- itants in the development process of the square by holding various workshops such as the audiovisual workshop and the collage one. The final meeting of this social inclusion project was holding a ‘’Big meet- ing’’ with 200 invitees. These invited individuals in- cluded staff from Bostadsbolaget, local associations, and the inhabitants who had registered for the event. W hy W ha t W he re W he n W ho H ow Residents tend to be involved in the square transformation pro- cess. Create a dialogue between stake- holders and letting the residents’ voice be heard. Hammarkullen Center September 2021 to January 2022 The housing company and the local Association Participatory Approaches 2.2. A flashback to the social inclusion project Participatory Approaches in Development Process – Rebuilding Hammarkullen Center Fig. 2.5. The journey of the social inclusion project Team memebers: Tahrene de Vos, Katayoun Moham- madi, and Viktor Nording Fig. 2.6. Taken by the author Fig. 2.4. Summary of the Social inclusion studio Interviews 15 16 Project Overview At each table during the Big meeting, the attendees were divided into eight groups. A site plan of the concept chosen for further development was sent to each group. Participants were encouraged to make notes on the drawing about the discussion that had taken place throughout the event. The collected data was di- vided on the site plans into three key categories to acquire an overview of what had been written and discussed. The location of the notes on the com- piled map is the same as on the original sketch. The topic of the notes was linked to a specific lo- cation on the map. The three data categories are: • Services and physical objects • Questions • Statements and concerns First, the social inclusion project allowed this thesis author to create a network in Hammarkullen. Based on that, holding events and workshops would be much more straightforward in the neighborhood. Secondly, spending approximately five months in the area during the mentioned course has fa- miliarized the author with the district, which means there is less need to walk around the case study area and try to know it better. Finally, the outcome of the “Big meeting” could be used in this thesis design part to adapt the co-design workshops to the needs of the inhabitants. To clarify, a glance at the future of Hammarkullen might be helpful: Hammarkulletorget will be transformed in a few years based on the proposal designed by the Link ar- chitecture company. But, the inhabitants have some concerns and ideas and wish that the decision-mak- ers consider them in the plans. The Chalmers stu- dents, including this thesis author, have gathered these needs and thoughts in the “Big meeting.” This thesis aims to create an energy-sensitive so- ciety in Hammarkullen to meet not only people’s needs but also raise their awareness of energy-sav- ing behaviors. Hammarkullen residents’ needs have already been collected. They could be con- sidered when the author is going to design work- shops and the energy-sensitive society in parallel with the ongoing development plan of the square. 2.2.1. How can the social inclusion project con- tribute to this thesis’ goals? 2.2.2. Description of collected data from the ‘’Big meeting’’ Fig. 2.7. The Big Meeting (Taken by the author) Fig. 2.8. The participants talk about their concerns (Taken by the author) Fig. 2.9. The example of collected data (Taken by the author) The question category can not be used in this the- sis as Bostadbolaget, and Link architects should answer them. Moreover, these questions are main- ly about the development plan and the future of apartments in the area, and their answers are not that much related to this thesis’s subjects and goals. But the rest categories, concerns and needed services, could be considered in designing an energy-sensitive community as there are overlaps between these con- cerns, the future transformation plan, and this the- sis’s final goal. For instance, installing solar panels, having gathering spots, and paying much more at- tention to green areas are factors that could be seen in an energy-sensitive society as well. The collected information from the residents during the ‘’Big meeting’’ event was so varied, and in some cas- es, it was irrelated to both this thesis and the designed development plan of the square. Thus, as mentioned, only the related ones were selected for this thesis. These concerns and demands can be seen in the im- age shown below. The picture is the site plan designed by Link for transforming the Hammarkullen center and is similar to the one that each group of partici- pants had on the day of the ‘’Big meeting’’. The par- ticipants used sticky notes to brainstorm with their teammates and express their thoughts and ideas. The ones close to the thesis’s purposes could be seen in both thesis workshops, and final designs have been collected and added to the site plan. These needs can be seen below: Fig. 2.10. The collected inhabitants’ needs and concerns which have overlap with the characteristic of an energy-sensitive society This pictured timeline shows Hammarkullen from the past to the future. Alongside the illustrated 3D model designed by Link Arkitektur for developing the square, a sketch could be seen which describes the aim of this thesis for transforming the Hammarkul- len into an energy-sensitive community by co-designing an energy park and energy café. This sketch and thesis’s process visualize a future for Hammarkullen square paral- lel to its development plan; in other words, it is looking for an answer to this question: How could this presented transformation proposal promote energy-saving behaviors? What is going to be done in this thesis? The past of Hammarkullen from 1970-1980 (Photographer of the pictures used in collage: Jens S. Jensen) The future development of Hammarkullen designed by Link Arkitektur (Source of the pictures used in collage: Link website) The future of Hammarkullen as an energy-sensitive community (Images inspired from: Freepic, plural design websites, and Syaifudin, Z. Shirodkar, S.) The social inclusion project to create a link be- tween the present situation of the area to its future The present of Hammarkullen (Pictures taken by Viktor Nordling) T im e to b ro ad en in g kn ow le dg e! Literature studies In this section, you are going to read about the following: Energy Poverty Definition To learn more about the scope of EP and acquire a deeper understanding of that in the chosen context. The impacts of Energy Poverty on People A better understanding of the possible effects of an is- sue on the users would lead to better solutions based on people’s needs. Anti-poverty Approaches To learn more about the tested alleviation methods in other European countries. 3.1. Energy Poverty Definition When a low-income household living in a poorly efficient building must pay for high energy bills, it could be said that they suffer from energy poverty (Spirkova et al., 2016) which is a complex challenge worldwide. The definition of EP differs from one country to another; briefly, energy poverty in de- veloping or underdeveloped countries refers to the availability of energy resources for everyone. But, in developed countries, EP is more related to affordabil- ity (Sy & Mokaddem, 2022; González-Eguino, 2015). As this thesis focuses on a Swedish neighborhood in Gothenburg city, the ultimate goal is to investigate the latter concern. There are also more precise definitions in the Eu- ropean context (Fig.3.2.): for instance, according to Boardman (1991) definition, which is also the most common explanation of this problem, if the energy bills of a family are above 10 percent of their earned money, then they have been faced with energy poverty (Madlener, 2020). Generally, when a fami- ly earns less money than the average and needs to spend on its energy demands more than expected, they suffer from EP (Middlemiss, 2017). Moreover, it has been said that having difficulties meeting ba- sic energy needs is another sign of energy poverty (Middlemiss, 2017; González-Eguino, 2015). Literature Studies Fig. 3.1. Energy poverty indicators (Adapted form: Spirkova et al., 2016) Fig. 3.2. Some of the energy poverty definitions (Inspired from: Middlemiss., 2017) Beyond all of these words and sentences which try to make EP more understandable, it should be consid- ered that there is no universal and single definition of energy poverty. The reason is that each country, city, and even neighborhood has its own characteristics. This means the roots and the results of energy pov- erty would differ from one context to another (Dou- kas & Marinakis, 2020; Noka et al., 2019). Therefore, each country needs to define EP based on the cir- cumstances, policies, and indicators of their land (Herrero, 2017). 3.2. Energy Poverty in Sweden The EP was not a significant issue in Sweden before the Ukraine war. But after that, some Swedes began to experience difficulty managing their everyday ex- penses and energy bills at the same time. Thus, ac- tion needs to be taken to become familiar with EP in this country (Platten, 2022). Literature Studies Fig. 3.3. The reasons why Sweden’s energy poverty rate used to be low (Inspired from: Platten, 2022) As it has been discussed by Platten on her published article in 2022, the term “energy poverty” had not been used in Swedish policy because there had pre- viously been no cause for concern. Due to this, there has not been enough research done on the issue. It is crucial to identify energy poverty in Sweden at this time. Two factors, namely affordability and flexibil- ity of capital, might be employed to gain a deeper knowledge of EP in this nation and possibly lead to a Swedish definition. The first is more concise and re- lated to how the problem is understood in developed countries. The second, flexibility capital, estimates whether all the opportunities of having fair access to energy resources have been distributed equally among residents. This term will become even more critical in the future when existing systems of gen- erating and distributing energy are going to be re- placed by smart systems. Flexibility capital also shows the potential of households to control un- expected increases in fuel costs from now on (Plat- ten, 2022). Moreover, it is essential to know that the results of energy poverty are not only limited to financial is- sues but also impact the quality of life (Neacsa et al., 2020). In general and with regard to the suggested factors and mentioned consequences, it could be said that The economic impact of energy poverty is intensified by the combination of low affordability and limited flexibility capital. On the other hand, in a situation in which affordability is low, but flexibil- ity capital is high, there would be a risk for comfort and well-being (Platten, 2022). These factors could be helpful to come up with a Swedish EP definition. Fig. 3.4. How to understand energy poverty in Sweden (Inspired from: Platten, 2022) 26 Consequently, it could be said that there is no need to have a strict definition of energy poverty (Doukas & Marinakis, 2020). Instead, based on each case study’s characteristics and conditions, a dominant under- standing of this issue could be discussed (Noka et al., 2019). For instance, as mentioned, two factors can help researchers, planners, and other professionals to understand EP in Sweden. By that, they could in- troduce suitable solutions and identify target groups better (Platten, 2022). 3.3. The Impacts of Energy Poverty Although the primary concern related to energy poverty is providing affordable energy access, the impact of this issue is much broader than economic matters. In other words, energy poverty is a multi- faceted challenge affecting many aspects of people’s lives (Zhang et al., 2021). To provide a comprehensive understanding, many articles have mentioned the term ‘’Hidden energy poverty,’’ which refers to the negative impacts of EP on people’s living standards (Urquiza et al., 2019). 25 Literature Studies 27 Fig. 3.5. The impacts of EP on mental and physical health (Inspired from: Thomson et al., 2017) These side effects of EP impact individuals’ living conditions from diverse aspects ranging from their physical health to their mental one (Thomson et al., 2017). To provide examples, living in buildings that do not have ideal and standard situations might have negative effects on people’s physics. For in- stance, various diseases, such as respiratory illness- es or flu, might result from living in poor houses or without appropriate insulation, where thermal com- fort can not be achieved (Ballesteros-Arjona, 2022). Regarding mental issues caused by facing EP, it could be said that encountering high energy bills, which do not have a reasonable balance compared to a family’s income, might impose pressure and stress on them and threaten their mental health (Thomson et al., 2017). These negative impacts affect children more severely than adults, who are much more vulnerable to un- stable and unhealthy living conditions (Gabriel et al., 2023). 3.4. Anti-poverty Approaches other experts learn from their counterparts in differ- ent countries and enable them to devise a solution for their own projects. There are several methods avail- able to transfer knowledge, which include applying the same policy in a foreign country (copying), ad- justing and merging features of existing policies, us- ing design and implementation features from other countries as a source of inspiration and impetus for new policy development, or making policy adjust- ments (Noka et al., 2019): Literature Studies 28 Fig. 3.6. The ways by which a policy or an approach can be used to shape domestic ones (Adapted from: Noka et al., 2019) Fig. 3.7. Anti-poverty approaches tested in the European countries As seen in the above diagram and based on the an- alyzed case studies, which will be presented in the following chapters, it seems that adaptation and hy- bridization could be practical for this thesis. Also, some tested tools could be considered an inspira- tion to use in the Swedish context and pursue this study's subject. For instance, a few case studies such as the work done by Thoams et al, (2021), highlight the role of involving young people with environmen- tal- related projects. In some other studies such as the study of English & Carlesn (2019), it could be concluded that having public spaces that inhabitants can visit regularly is prominent to becoming familiar with energy-saving behaviors (Martiskainen, et al., 2020). These approaches could be combined into an adaptable concept of energy cafes to create a better result. This combination of ideas is called hybridiza- tion (Noka et al., 2019). Moreover, the offered activ- ities in these public spaces must be adapted to the As was mentioned in the previous parts, the defini- tion of energy poverty is unique in each context due to the case study’s characteristics (Doukas & Mari- nakis, 2020). If the meaning is different, then the ap- proaches must also be unique to respond to the issue more practically. Hence, various methods have been tested in diverse countries to address energy poverty. Analyzing these examined methods would help the decision-makers, designers, planners, and Fig. 3.8. Anti-poverty approaches Suitable for this thesis goal and EP alleviation in Swedish context While specific approaches tested to address energy poverty, like offering direct economic help to at-risk families and defending them from power disconnec- tions, produce temporary relief (Noka et al., 2019), a permanent resolution is required to tackle EP effec- tively. Consequently, approaches that impart knowl- edge to individuals and educate them on adopting needs of Hammarkullen and its residents. Therefore, the outcome of investigated anti-poverty approach- es would be used by this thesis by using them as an inspiration which should be adapted and hybridized based on the selected case study for this thesis. Thus, there are plenty of ways to apply the learning out- comes of other countries to a Swedish context. After examining the adjusting methods, it is time to learn more about the worldwide anti-poverty approaches. As energy poverty is a multifaceted challenge, var- ious solutions or alleviation methods ranging from political and economic to artistic ones have been tested. Thanks to a few resources mentioned below, some of the approaches leading to the alleviation of energy poverty have been organized in this thesis. The following figure summarizes these approaches and provides a short description of them: more efficient energy practices are crucial for trans- forming behavior and taking one step forward to re- ducing EP (Boeri, et al., 2020). Thus, based on the literature studies done in this thesis, it seems the fol- lowing methods have the potential for long-lasting impacts on society in mitigating energy poverty: Literature Studies In this section, you are going to read about the following: Behavioral Models To learn how to change a behavior and promote ener- gy-efficient one. Visualization Methods To become familiar with various tools for communi- cating with people, engaging them with the project, and raising their awareness. Briding from theory to design: Could designing an app be a solution to alleviate EP? Energy Community: Design solution? To design an ‘‘energy-sensitive community’ Literature Studies 30 3.5.1. Why and How to Promote energy-effi- cient behaviors? How people consume energy, and their awareness of optimizing it significantly impact the load im- posed on power grids on a city scale (Xu et al., 2020). Also, the success of energy retrofitting and energy transition projects depends on ensuring the users are aware of their roles in meeting the goals of such projects to create a green and efficient community in terms of energy consumption (Xue et al., 2022). Success in this context has two meanings: 1. Ensuring users know how to optimize their en- ergy consumption and consume energy effectively. This would benefit both people and energy pro- viders as better energy usage would result in more reasonable monthly energy costs for inhabitants and a more straightforward decision-making pro- cess for policymakers (Santangelo et al., 2021). 2. Facing public acceptance. By paying attention to people and providing accurate and sufficient information, energy retrofitting projects would face higher societal acceptance (Xue et al., 2022). These facts clarify why it is vital to raise public aware- ness of energy-efficient behaviors and attempt to re- place ineffective manners with more functional ones in society. Promoting these behaviors would engage users interactively (Kouroupetroglou et al., 2015) in dealing with EP. Moreover, it would increase public approval for energy-related projects approved by de- cision-makers (Xue et al., 2022). To meet this goal, some behavioral models, such as Fogg and Hooked models, could be used: 3.5.1.1. Fogg Behavioral Model [1] As can be seen in the figure 3.9. , encouraging people to pursue a desirable energy-efficient be- havior highly depends on how much the provid- ed information and the necessity of these behav- iors are clear and understandable for everyone. Fig. 3.9. How to promote a new behavior (Inspired from: Kouroupetroglou et al., 2015) A spark, facilitator, or signal could create this will- ingness. As this thesis focuses on EP reduction, which is a complicated concept to be understood, facilitating could be considered a trigger. This refers to simplifying the meaning of the challenge; in this study EP, the importance of pursuing energy-sav- ing habits and their impacts on individuals’ lives. Looking at the figure demonstrates, in addition to triggers, two more factors impact the process of promoting a new habit: Motivation and Ability. The first refers to pleasant and unpleasant items that inspire people to follow instructions. For instance, they could do certain behaviors because they know that they would be punished by refusing to do them. On the other hand, individuals can behave in a way that would bring social acceptance to them, and by that, they can feel good about themselves. This the- sis tries to design an energy-sensitive society that makes accepting an energy-efficient lifestyle a social and pleasant norm instead of forcing people by, for. 1- Source of the paragraph: Kouroupetroglou et al., 2015 Another influential factor is how the willingness to follow such behaviors could be activated in people’s minds. 3.5. Behavioral Models Literature Studies example, scaring them of their monthly energy bills. The last factor, ability, discusses that the process of pursuing a habit should be available for everyone. This means the promotion process should not take that much time or money for people to learn new behaviors and be manageable to apply to their daily routines. In this case, this thesis suggests that com- bining energy-efficient behaviors with inhabitants’ daily activities and bringing them into the most vis- ited public spaces could be a good idea. 3.5.1.2. Hooked Behavioral Model Based on the previous model, another one sug- gested by Eyal (2014) could be used for de- signing applications to promote behavior. Fig. 3.12. The factors of Hooked behavioral model (Inspired from: Kouroupetroglou et al., 2015 & Eyal, 2014) 3.6. The role of visualization methods in forming a habit The mentioned behavior models describe the factors which can play essential roles in promoting a partic- ular behavior in a society. It was clarified that users need to be motivated to do an action, and to reach that, promising a re- ward and using suitable triggers could be practical (Kouroupetroglou et al., 2015). There are numer- ous factors that can influence people’s inclination to conserve energy and inspire them to follow en- ergy-efficient instructions, yet certain variables are considered more dominant than others, as seen in figure x (Rist & Massodian, 2019). Among the factors listed in the mentioned chart, rais- ing public awareness and considering the economic benefits sound more practical in Sweden based on interviews and investigations of published articles. Fig. 3.13. Motivation to promote energy-efficient behaviors (Adapted and inspired form: Rist & Massodian, 2019) 31 Literature Studies 32 The reason is that Swedish societies still need to fa- miliarize themselves with the energy crisis, as it is a relatively new issue in this country (Platten, 2022). Therefore, informing the citizens is prominent, which is also an anti-poverty approach. Moreover, thinking about the financial benefits is important as many neighborhoods around Gothen- burg, including Hammarkullen, will be developed in a near future (Göteborgs Stad, 2014). In this case, creating energy-sensitive communities should be close to the framework of these development plans to capture the attention of funders and decision-mak- ers. Nevertheless, triggering motivation in people with the mentioned goals, economic benefits and raising public awareness, and inspiring them to adapt them- selves and their lifestyles to more energy-efficient ones highly depends on how the information is com- municated and visualized (Xu et al., 2020). The effec- tiveness of the visualization methods impacts public participation (Chalal et al., 2022). In the shown di- agram, different categories of visualization methods could be found: Fig. 3.14. Various visualization methods (Adapted and inspired form: Chalal et al., 2022) As this thesis aims to design an energy-sensitive soci- ety through co-design workshops, a high engagement rate in the workshops is necessary. In addition to these events, the thesis will present various methods and activities that can promote energy-efficient behav- iors on a neighborhood scale and how to transfer in- formation to the inhabitants functionally, especially the younger ones. Hence, once again, the importance of adopting the best methods becomes highlightable. Diverse categories of the visualization methods’ have been summarized in the tables on the following two pages (Fig.3.14.). Some of them, such as statistical visualization, will not be used in this thesis. The rea- son is that such methods have been tested before, and they are not clear to everyone; thus, they are not known as engaging tools (Chalal et al., 2022). Moreover, the participants of this thesis’s work- shops are students in the 7th grade, and understand- ing the meaning of different charts and diagrams would be even more challenging for them. On the other hand, other methods like storyboards, archi- tectural visualizations, and augmented reality could be more entertaining tools to be used in the work- shops and even in the future Hammarkullen as an energy-sensitive neighborhood. The advantage of these art-based methods over statistical ones is that art can talk about invisible issues, such as the energy crisis, in a way that would be clear for all age groups and would have a profound impact on people’s emotions which might result in encourag- ing them to care more about the environment and lead to conserving energy (Thomas et al., 2021). In this case, art is the center of attention in this the- sis. It has been used in the form of collage works to discuss the results of each literature study part and also for brainstorming. Also, some other visualiza- tion methods such as storyboards, AR, and narrative techniques would be combined to create a game, re- sulting in engaging the students and co-designing the neighborhood center and energy café with them. In the following pages, the presented tables demon- strate the investigated visualization methods, when each of them could be used, some recommendations, and the fact about whether they would be used in this thesis or not: Fig. 3.10. Important factors that impact process of promot- ing a behavior (Inspired from: Kouroupetroglou et al., 2015) This model is similar to the previous one. However, it discusses the importance of taking action after fac- ing a trigger. This model believes this action could be happened by giving rewards to people following certain behaviors (Kouroupetroglou et al., 2015). Literature Studies 33 Literature Studies 34 [1] 1- Source: Chalal et al., 2022 with a few changes in style and sentences [1] [1 ] [1] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 3. Inspired from Kouroupetroglou et al., 2015 2. Inspired from Tomas et al., 2021 4. Inspired from Han et al., 2022 5. Inspired from Ewald et al., 2023 Literature Studies 35 Literature Studies 38 3.7. Bridging from theory to design: Could designing an app be a solution to alleviate EP? The first part of the literature studies highlighted that the key to alleviating energy poverty is creating a long-lasting impact on society by informing peo- ple about the energy crisis and educating them about how to overcome the situation by controlling their energy consumption and pursuing energy-efficient behaviors. This information and knowledge would create peace of mind for the inhabitants instead of keeping them in the darkness of ignorance, which could be a source of pressure and stress known as hidden energy poverty. Based on the learning out- come of this section of studies, it seemed that design- ing an application or platform which could provide guidelines on understanding the energy bills and the techniques for reducing the usage of energy might be an excellent solution to raise public awareness and giving active roles to the residents in alleviation process of the current energy crisis. Or, maybe de- veloping and improving the existing apps could be also practical. However, based on the interviews in the next chap- ter, it was demonstrated that such apps do not have a long-lasting impact on changing behavior. More- over, less informed inhabitants, such as older people, might find it challenging to work with an app. There- fore, designing an app can not be inclusive in terms of engaging and informing diverse groups of people and raising their awareness. Thus, as this thesis looks for an inclusive solution, the idea of designing an app shifted into designing an energy-sensitive soci- ety adapted from energy communities. Waking up in a room with low temperature as she has turned off the heaters to save money Although living in cold- ness, the energy bills are still so high. She turns off the lamps to save money. Now, she lives in cold- ness and darkness. So, Anxiety and de- pression attacked her. Energy bills are so high. She opens the application to learn about effective ways of energy-saving methods. Instead of turning off the heaters, she knows how to set a temperature and wear warm cloths. Instead of turning off the lights, she changes them with more efficient ones. The neighborhood is chang- ing, but she doesn’t know what’s going on People she knows are leaving as they can’t afford the in- crease in rent after the reno- vation. She doesn’t know her neigh- borhood anymore and doesn’t feel a sense of belonging. So, she doesn’t care about it. She has read about the renovation process in the app. She can play an active role in her neighborhood and leave a comment on renovation pro- cesses. There are various events and activities around the neigh- borhood to inform her about the renovation processes and energy-saving behaviors. She feels a sense of belong- ing to the neighborhood and learns from it a lot. How can app play a role in EP alleviation on the building scale: How can app play a role in EP alleviation on the neighborhood scale: Fig. 3.15. Diverse parts of the application 3.8. Energy Community Energy communities (ECs) are known for their voluntary and inclusive nature, combining environmental and social community objectives with non-commercial aims. There are two main definitions of ECs: Citizen energy communi- ties and renewable ones. These two groups have similarities regarding governance, ownership, purpose, and activities. When it comes to government, participation should be vol- untary and accessible to everyone. Ownership emphasizes the role of citizens and local businesses in the energy sector, and both of the mentioned ECs aim to prioritize social and environmental benefits over economic ones. Furthermore, both activities, such as producing energy, storage, and distribution, are similar (European Commission, 2019). However, they have some differences, which are shown be- low: This holistic view is not restricted to private people’s or companies’ benefits; the other advantages of EC could be observed in find- ing solutions for environmental issues. For instance, by relying on renewable energy re- sources, EC tries to reduce CO2 emissions and provide better air quality. By involving the residents and paying attention to their ideas, needs, and thoughts on a societal scale, at- tempt to integrate a community (Moghadam et al., 2020). The comprehensive strategies of the ECs have the potential to decrease energy poverty by 12 to 16%. This would happen by ensuring that everyone has affordable access to energy resources. In some countries like It- aly, this concern is combined with implement- ing renovation plans for poor energy-perfor- mance buildings (Ceglia et al., 2020), which would achieve better results. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis can be met by the following contributions of energy communities: *Empowering citizens by providing them with information and involving them in en- ergy transition projects (related to the investi- gated anti-poverty approaches). *Serving as catalysts for local communities and providing social leadership (as an an- ti-poverty approach). *Facilitating a fair, efficient, and collaborative energy usage through cooperation and part- nership models that promote a just and dem- ocratic transition (Close the aim of the thesis which is EP alleviation). Table 3.2. The differences between the two groups of ECs (Adapted from: The European Commission website, 2019). Literature Studies 37 Literature Studies 38 3.9. Best practices of energy communities The primary goal of this project is to lead Finnish societies to produce less CO2 faster. Even from the early stages of this project, citizens were involved by sending them the neighborhood map and ask- ing the inhabitants to highlight their favorite spots. People from different age groups were  part of  the project to discuss what needed to become better as well as to develop a shared plan with local pol- icymakers. As a result, the people of Ii had a deep sense of ownership, were proud of their city, and there was no public opposition to the project. In addition to the collected maps, a few interviews were held with the youth and older citizens. The fo- cus of interviews and collected data from the inhab- itants was to make the area more efficient regarding energy consumption. Based on this aim and people’s viewpoints, the first action was to solve the traffic is- sue. The other goals were set to be done each year. Fig.3.16. li on the map. Source: Google map Co-designing low carbon public services (Source: European Commission, 2021) Country: Finland Powered by: Solar Learning outcome: * Citizen involvement could happen from a project’s early stages.* Energy-saving habits should be combined with people’s daily life and local businesses. Noteworthy parts of the project: * Decision-makers used participatory approaches to involve people. * Awesome energy-efficient habits plan with a focus on flourishing local industries. * Well done combination of the yearly city funding and co-design actions. Energy Safari: having fun with energy (Source: Euro- pean Commission, 2021) Country: Netherlands Learning outcome: * Raising awareness of energy consump- tion would be better to become a fun process. * By creat- ing a sense of belonging in the inhabitants, they would act as team members and try their best to improve their neighborhood. * The importance of visualization methods Fig.3.17. The example of the thermal images. Source: European Commission, 2021 Entertainment plays a vital role in making energy-ef- ficient habit promotion more victorious. If raising public awareness is combined with fun activities, the inhabitants would be more likely to be engaged with the project and pursue particular behaviors. In the Safari project, a group of people could walk around the neighborhood with each other and, with the help of a leader. On these trips, they could take thermal pictures of the buildings. They also could have this chance to order a similar image of their property. This process raised awareness of energy loss and the importance of renovation. Moreover, after a while, the residents started to in- form their neighbors about each other’s building sit- uation and encouraged them to improve their per- formance. Noteworthy parts of the project: * Energy is invisible, and people have a hard time un- derstanding it and how to consume it better. Thus, some visualization methods, such as thermal images, can make hard-to-understand elementals clearer. * Collective power is a reliable tool to make society more energy-efficient. Beyond the similarities and differences, Energy commu- nities can be related to this thesis’s goals by involving var- ious sectors of society, decision-makers, and citizens in the process of generating energy, distributing it, and even selling power to take care of everyone’s profit (Ceglia et al., 2020). Le t’s ta lk to e ac h ot he r! Interviews This interview discussed several essential aspects of an energy crisis in a neighborhood. One of the critical questions asked was regarding the social and econom- ic status of the inhabitants living in Jättesten. It was ex- plained that most of the tenants in the area are single people and elderly. As for their financial situation, the inhabitants had an average income, allowing them to pay their rent and energy bills with no problem. Therefore, the current energy crisis has not impacted the area yet. The interviewer also inquired about possible ways to engage the inhabitants in energy-saving practices. The staff of Poseidon explained that the younger generations were less interested in participating in such activities due to their busy schedules. However, the older generation was more passionate about it. The interview also discussed potential solutions to al- leviate the energy crisis, such as adding solar panels and separating domestic hot water from the warm rent. How- ever, these options were costly and time-consuming. In this discussion, it became clear that the key to encour- aging the tenants to save more energy is to make this pro- cess rewarding. However, they needed clear examples of making the process rewarding and pleasant for inhabitants. Overall, the interview sheds light on the fact that Jättest- en has a low possibility of being engaged in the co-design processes, which was one of this thesis’s main steps. In this case, the author decided to change the case study and shift it to Hammarkullen, which is a welcoming neighborhood. 4.1. Is Jättesten a welcoming neighborhood for this thesis? To estimate the dimension of EP impacts on people living in Jättesten and the pos- sibility of holding workshops. Who was interviewed? Housing developer of Hisingen area When was this meeting held? January 13, 2023 Why was this meeting held? What was the outcome of this work- shop? Holding workshops and similar events in Jättesten is challenging and likely impos- sible; thus, the thesis’s case study should be changed. InterviewsInterviews 41 52 Who was interviewed? Vice director of Bror Johansson & Co When was this meeting held? Why was this meeting held? 1. This housing company tries to pro- mote energy-saving behaviors which is close to this thesis’s concerns and their experiences could be helpful for the au- thor. 2. To become familiar with housing com- panies’ challenges after emerging energy crisis in Sweden What was the outcome of this work- shop? 1. Giving information about the energy crisis might affect the wrong target groups. 2. Promoting energy-saving behaviors should be rewarding for the inhabitants. 3. Technical interventions such as opti- mizing the piping system might result in paying more money which sounds para- doxical. 53 In this interview, the interviewee discussed an app that pro- vides various functions for tenants. The app includes a notice board for news and tenant information, a booking function for resources like laundry and bicycle pools, tenant information about the apartment and area, a form for reporting faults and errors, services for seeking parking spaces or another apart- ment, and a community-based function that enables tenants to participate in discussions outside of the environment. When asked about the research process to determine which information must be provided to the users, the interview- ee explained that they purchased the app through procure- ment and decided on a standardized version from their contractor. They based the functions on their website’s existing versions and added appropriate other features. The interviewer also asked whether the users were involved in the design process through participatory approaches or in- terviews. They responded that they had not involved the us- ers in the start-up process; however, they discussed involve- ment and user input in upcoming functions and features. Regarding the involvement process, the interviewee sug- gested using one of the features in the app that still need- ed to be fully implemented, such as polls and surveys. This feature could be used initially for feedback about the app and its functions. They can also include ques- tions about the app in tenant surveys that they send out. The interview provides valuable insights into creating an app for tenants. It highlights the importance of considering the users’ needs when creating an app, even if it is a standardized version. The interviewee’s response suggests that they are open to involving the users in future updates, which is cru- cial for ensuring that the app remains relevant and valuable. In conclusion, as this thesis aimed to involve people and fol- low a co-design process, designing an app could not be com- patible with the objectives of this thesis. 4.2. Designing an app to raise awareness and create inhabitants involvement? 44 Who was interviewed? One of the app developers in Poseidon When was this meeting held? January 17, 2023 Why was this meeting held? To estimate the practicality of designing a mobile application in alleviating EP What was the outcome of this work- shop? Designing an app might not be adapt- able to this thesis’s goals as it does not necessarily involve and engage people. This meeting was held to understand how the hous- ing companies tackle the emerging energy crisis. This company was selected as their approach to deal- ing with the fuel cost increase was similar to the goals of this thesis which is raising public awareness and promoting energy-saving behaviors among people. This interview revealed the actions taken by this housing company to address the crisis and how they were impact- ed by it. One of the primary steps taken by the landlord was to change the pipes of their heating systems to make them more efficient and save energy. This step resulted in a significant reduction of energy consumption by 50%. How- ever, the landlord was surprised to see a higher energy bill from their energy provider, Göteborg Energi. The reason behind the higher bill was the policies of the energy pro- vider, which required customers to pay more if they con- sumed less energy than a calculated amount. This brought new challenges for the landlord as they had expected to use the saved energy to compensate for the budget spent on im- proving the heating system’s pipes. The housing company also tried to motivate tenants to save energy by raising awareness through flyers, letters, and emails. However, this effort faced some challenges, includ- ing the tenants’ beliefs that saving energy only benefited the company. The landlord realized it was crucial to target the right people and provide them with precise information possibly through better flyer design. Furthermore, the landlord identified the need to over- come tenants’ beliefs that saving energy only benefited the company. They need to understand that keeping energy helps both the landlord and themselves, the environment, and the whole of Sweden. Additionally, they sought the help of energy consultants provided by Gothenburg mu- nicipality to give more advice to tenants free of charge. In conclusion, the unexpected energy crisis required im- mediate action from landlords and tenants to address the issue. The landlord in this interview took several steps, in- cluding optimizing the heating system and raising aware- ness among tenants to reduce energy consumption. How- ever, they also faced challenges motivating tenants to follow instructions and overcoming their beliefs that saving ener- gy only benefited the company. Targeting the right group of people, providing clear information, and overcoming tenants’ beliefs were identified as crucial factors for success. 4.3. How do the housing companies deal with EP? InterviewsInterviews 45 46 Fig. 4.1. Examples of the installed flayers in the buildings Source: The Bror Johansson & Co website In the social inclusion studio, Ola active- ly worked with Chalmers students to es- tablish a common dialogue between the tenants and Bostadsbolaget. Also, he has sufficient knowledge of the neighbor- hood and the upcoming square devel- opment plan. Thus the primary goal of holding this meeting was to become up- dated about the area’s current situation and estimate the possible opportunities to engage the inhabitants with this the- sis. What was the outcome of this work- shop? 1. Being updated on the square develop- ment plan. 2. Learning how Hammarkullen’s inhab- itants have been effected by current en- ergy crisis. 3. Finding new networks for holding Who was interviewed? Ola Terlegård, social activist in Ham- markullen When was this meeting held? February 8, 2023 Why was this meeting held? Fig. 4.2. The ‘‘Big Meeting’’ between inhabitants and Bostadsbolaget. Picture taken by the author This interview aimed to provide updates on the Hammarkul- len Center transformation process, analyzing the possible impacts of the energy crisis on the inhabitants and finding a possibility to engage the residents with this thesis’s workshops. This conversion clarified that the square transforma- tion process had remained the same since last year. This means the chosen architectural proposal by Link Arkitektur, alongside the participants’ opinions and view- points, has been sent to the city planning office for eval- uation, adaptation, and cost estimation. This office is expected to announce the results in May, after which an- other meeting will be held to present the newly made changes to the architectural design to the inhabitants. During the interview, the subject of the current fuel crisis was brought up, and Ola mentioned that they had been faced with a 50% increase in the cost of hot domestic water. This raise was unexpected to them, and they encountered finan- cial issues. He also mentioned that he and his neighbors at least expected to hear about the reason for this rise; however, they still need to give them clear information, and they are worried now. This fact highlighted the importance of this the- sis subject for involving people and raising their awareness. At the end of the meeting, Ola suggested holding the thesis workshops with the students of Nytorpsskolan as they have been involved in an architectural project with Bostadsbo- laget related to renovating the existing buildings with the help of students and Minecraft. Therefore, he provided contact information about the teachers working in the school to ask them whether there is a possibility of holding workshops with their students. 4.4. Hi again, Hammarkullen! This meeting aimed to talk to one of Nytorpsskolan’s teachers to estimate the possibility of holding a work- shop with the students. Moreover, as this teacher and his students were participating in one of the renovation proj- ects of Bostadbolaget and they are familiar with architec- tural tools such as SketcUp, they could be a great target group for this thesis’s workshops. Furthermore, the teach- er is testing Minecraft as a tool to make complicated ren- ovation projects more straightforward for his students; therefore, this thesis could also use it as an engaging tool. This meeting clarified that a group of students is work- ing on an architectural project funded by Bostadsbolaget to redesign the interior spaces of existing apartments in Hammarkullen. The project is a learning process for the students and the housing company. The students have been taught to make 3D models of their apartments in SketchUp, and they have become familiar with some con- cepts related to designing buildings and the construction process. Furthermore, they have basic knowledge of ener- gy-saving methods and their necessities in today’s world. Therefore, these students, being in the 7th grade, were the excellent target group for this workshop to test visu- alization and educational methods resulting in raising information on EP and sustainable lifestyle understand- ably. However, the project related to using Minecraft as a tool is separate from this project with the housing com- pany and is supposed to be launched in September 2023. In this case, this thesis needed to find tools other than Minecraft to engage the students with the workshops. Furthermore, during this meeting, the time of the work- shops was set, and the duration time of each workshop was decided to be 45 minutes up to one hour to ensure that stu- dents would remain focused. Hello Nytorpsskolan! Who was interviewed? Joachim Svärd One of the school teachers at Nytorpssko- lan, Hammarkullen, Gothenburg When was this meeting held? February 21, 2023 Why was this meeting held? 1. To estimate the possibilty of holding workshop in the school. 3. Discussing whether Minecraft could be a good tool What was the outcome of this work- shop? 1. The workshop time was set. 2. Minecraft can not be a practical tool in this school. Therefore, another tool should be found. InterviewsInterviews 47 48 Fig. 4.3. Nytorpsskolan. Picture taken by the author T im e to W ra p up ! Literature studies & interviews learning outcome Literature Studies 51 This thesis goal, EP alleviation in Sweden, is like a puzzle. Some missing pieces have been found through the process, which can be seen below: Literature studies and case study analysis: They showed raising public awareness and changing behaviors could result in allevi- ating EP. The mentioned methods in addition to in- terviews highlighted the importance of en- tertaining activities and brining this information and ener- gy-efficient behaviors into daily lives. Moreover, the role of people and their con- tribution to meet such a mentioned goal is not negligible. Images used in this collage have been inspired from: Freepik, San Francisco High school of the arts website, Art, and Sutterstock websites. George Brad’s and Sepa de Letras’s Jazzberry Blue’s work also has been inspired. 5.1.The learning outcome of literature studies and interviews Energy communities focus on both technical and social aspects of society. They plan collaborative, citizen-driven energy initiatives that advance con- verting to renewable energy while elevating citizens. They help to broaden public support for renewable energy initiatives and make it simpler to entice pri- vate capital for the clean energy transition. By boost- ing energy efficiency, reducing consumers’ electrici- ty costs, and generating local jobs, they also have the potential to benefit citizens directly (The European Commission website). Therefore, creating an energy community could be much more effective in allevi- ating EP than designing an application. In this case, transforming Hammarkullen into an energy com- munity sounded like a good solution. Holding interviews with Poseidon’s staff and one of the persons working on a project of designing an app at RISE for raising awareness of energy con- sumption revealed that such platforms might not be a practical engaging tool for the inhabitants as not all the persons have sufficient skills for working with these platforms, especially the elderly. More- over, making people familiar with these applica- tions and giving them information about the exis- tence of such tools would be a challenging process. Also, the second part of the literature studies high- lighted that a systematic behavior change which is the key to EP alleviation, could happen through ‘’fun’’ and ‘’continuous’’ activities. The first fac- tor emphasizes considering the role of entertain- ment when the decision-makers or architects would like to promote a specific behavior in a so- ciety. According to more investigations on the published articles, such tools as storyboards and games could provide an amusing infrastructure to teach energy-efficient behaviors to the residents. The second factor is ‘’being continuous,’’ which refers to the constant exposure to the elements or activities that remind people of energy-saving behaviors and their importance. This concept led the author of this thesis to learn more about ‘’energy communities’’, which provide the mentioned concern for the inhab- itants and give them active roles. Fig. 5.1. Promoting energy-saving habits need to be enjoyable. To do so, more research was conducted to learn about the energy communities, and also some case study analysis was done. At the same time, it was necessary to choose approaches adaptable to Sweden’s needs and potential. Thus, a few interviews with a private housing company and an expert in designing energy systems were held to estimate the possible technical considerations in this thesis’s design part. These in- terviews indicated that the technological interven- tions or suggestions might not necessarily result in the desired result. For instance, one of the problems that the Bror Johansson housing company has is that they have spent a relatively significant budget to change the pipes of their owned building to reduce their energy consumption to half. They succeeded in meeting this goal, but surprisingly they were forced Fig. 5.2. Energy community might alleviate EP 53 54 Fig. 5.4. Transforming Hammarkullen into an energy-sensitive community considered to be low-used energy. Furthermore, as literature studies demonstrated, empowering the inhabitants is also prominent in EP alleviation. This could happen by showing people how important their viewpoints are for the design- ers and decision-makers and how much they could change their living areas. Based on this factor, this energy cafe was co-designed with the youths living in Hammarkullen. The question here is, why the younger people? The reason could be found in the articles and similar case studies. When it comes to education, young people become an important target group as they will shape their society in the future, and they can impact their parents. Also, they have fresh ideas to be involved in a co-design process, especially in this thesis. However, more than having one energy cafe in a neighborhood is needed to promote energy-saving behaviors, and it was mentioned that continuous exposure to these behaviors is needed. According- ly, the whole district must be reshaped to make its residents more conscious of energy consumption. Hence, another co-design process is required to cre- ate the components of such an area to combine the mentioned concerns with the inhabitants’ daily life. These actions would result in creating an ener- gy-sensitive society where people are aware of en- ergy-efficient lifestyles, and the neighborhood itself can raise its inhabitants’ awareness of energy-re- lated issues such as EP and its reduction methods through appropriately designed public spaces such as energy cafes and interactive artistic monuments. to pay more money to Göteborg Energi as they start- ed purchasing less electricity! This paradox could be observed in different parts of Sweden’s energy policy because the current energy crisis is relatively new in this country, and there is a need to revise the rules in the future. Based on the results of the interviews and learning more about Sweden’s policies, this thesis direction was narrowed down into considering the social ben- efits and investigating the methods that could raise public awareness of the current situation and possi- bly similar ones and capture people’s attention to the necessity of saving energy. As mentioned, the reason for centralizing only on the social factors of energy communities is that focusing on the technical ones would need to analyze numerous paradoxical rules and considerations. Thus, concentrating on empow- ering citizens and giving them knowledge would be much more functional. In this case and as studied in the literature, some public spaces, such as energy cafes and reshaping the whole neighborhood, could be beneficial. Fig. 5.3. Raising public awareness and empowering citizens could be the key for EP alleviation As this thesis’s learning process is adaptation, hy- bridization, and inspiration, the idea of an energy cafe was broader than just a gathering place to dis- cuss energy consumption. In this project, an energy cafe is a place with plenty of entertaining activities in which people can learn more about EP and better understand why they must pay more for their energy bills and how they can control them. Besides, even the type of food served in its restaurant would be (Image inspired from: San Francisco High school of the arts website) (Image inspired from: Shutterstock and Freepik websites) (Image inspired from: Sepa de Letras’ s work and Art website) EP alleviation needs analysis, design, and citizen involvement. Some public spaces, such as energy cafés, and bring- ing energy-efficient behaviors into dai- ly lives are prominent. This thesis aims to co-design the mentioned spaces with the help of students living in HK. Images used in this collage have been inspired from: Dream time and Shutterstock websites, Marybethleonard’s brand, Leif Peng’s (2013 & 2008) Christopher DeLorenzo’s, Peter Vidani’s, Rafel Mayani’s, Chris Dove’s, and Austin Briggs’s work W e ne ed e ac h ot he r’s h el p! Workshops The first workshop February 28, 2023 for 2 hours Where? • Nytorpsskolan Who? • 20 of the 7th-grade students Why? • Co-designing the energy café • Testing a tool which can encourage students to think about energy-saving methods Outcome • The cafe was co-designed with them. • A discussion was formed about the importance of saving energy. • They devised some ideas and solu- tions to motivate adults to care more about energy consumption. • The collage was an excellent, en- gaging tool. Even the students who did not used to participate in the class , took active roles. and which surprised the teachers. Before holding the meeting with the teacher the workshop’s materials were prepared and checked with this thesis’s su- pervisors. These materials are accessible on the following pages. In brief, they include a section of the energy cafe, a huge number of pictures to be used in students’ collag- es and provide them the flexibility to choose, a 3D model of the café simulated in augmented reality, and markers. Both 2D and 3D models were accessible as based on the investigations on the visualization methods, both models should be available to make them more understandable for the participants. On the day of the workshop, even the tables and chairs were arranged to create a group work environment. Before asking the students to make the collage of energy cafe, a simple presentation was given to the students in Swedish to provide them with an idea about why they were going to make a collage and also the importance of saving energy. They were asked to design their café in a way to promote energy-saving behaviors and also try to reduce their ca- fe’s energy consumption. To do so, they were told that the type of lamps, the color of the walls, and even the food served at the café could have impacts. They were al- lowed to choose any pictures they wished, but with only two conditions: when they were going to select an image, they had to make sure that all of their teammates agreed, and also, they had to write why they had chosen that. The workshop was supposed to last only one hour to ensure the students would have their full attention; however, surpris- ingly, they showed a lot of enthusiasm; thus, the teachers sug- gested extending the workshop duration to almost two hours. The last fifteen minutes of the workshop were allocated to the students to discuss their work and present it to their classmates. 6.1. A glance at the first work- Interviews 59 2 Using the collage technique to complete the prepared section of the energy cafe. This co-design process was about the ac- tivities held in the cafe; the food served, and even the lighting types and the color of the walls. Another aim was to encour- age the students to think about the factors affecting energy consumption and make it easier to understand. Fig. 6.1. Taken by the author 6.1.1. Workshop materials The Augment platform can transform the SketchUp models into AR ones with a fourteen-day free li- cense. This platform’s logo can be seen below: The section of the energy café was designed to create various spaces to make the interior spac- es more capable of having diverse activities. As seen below, three floors were drawn in addition to a balcony and two semi-floors. Two personages were added to make the section more understand- able, and before holding the workshop, the sec- tion was shown to the random children in the 7th grade to make sure it was clear for this age group. As there was a possibility that a few students found the section confusing, based on the experience of working with kids, a 3D model of the energy café building was simulated on SketchUp to show it in the classroom with the help of a projector. Further- more, the Augment app was used to bring the mod- eled café into real life via smartphones and AR. Fig.6.2. The printed section of the energy café To fill this empty section, a considerable number of pictures with various categories were prepared and printed. The types of photos were selected based on the literature studies and case study analysis results. These previous investigations showed which kinds of activities or design components might be func- tional in an energy café. The next page shows these pictures: Interviews 61 2 Fig. 6.3. The printed images for the workshop 6.1.1.1. Pictures’ categories Based on the read articles and the ana- lyzed case studies, the following categories were selected as the images which possibly can be used by the students in their collages: Fun and informative activities to raise public awareness amusingly in the café, including cinema and theater, book club, music and singing song, cafeteria, painting and art workshop. Fig.6.4. The examples of the café’s activities Based on the studies, in energy cafés, even the food type and the cooking process need to be consid- ered to consume less energy and produce less waste. Therefore, the other category was allocated to di- verse types of vegetables, images of greenhouses to capture the attention to produce food locally, and various food from different cultures as it is needed to give a sense of belonging to all the participants of the workshops and even to the possible visitors to the café. The type of windows, lamps, and even the curtains could affect the energy consumption of the café. Thus, the mentioned elements were the other cate- gory of the chosen images. Fig.6.6. The examples of the food The color and material of the walls would have similar impacts; hence, the markers were given to the students to think about the color and the ma- terials of the walls and floors. Diverse personages doing various activities, plants, recycle bins, and solar panels were the other provided images. Fig.6.5. The examples of the windows, lamps, and curtains Fig.6.7. The examples of personage and renewable energy resources 63 64 6.1.2. How did the workshop hold? The workshop was supposed to be started at 8 in the morning at Nytorpsskolan. At 7:30, this thesis’s authors started preparing the students’ classroom. It began by organizing the chairs and tables with a U-shape arrangement to create a group work envi- ronment. The workshop started at 8 in the morning with twenty students divided into three-person groups. In the beginning, a short and simple presenta- tion with this title was given to them in Swed- ish: ‘’Låt oss designa ett energicafé tillsam- mans!’’ or Let’s design an energy café together! First, they were told that the workshop host is an ar- chitecture student at Chalmers, and she is working on her thesis concerning saving energy and promot- ing energy-efficient behaviors. Then, they were re- minded why they must save energy by saying simple sentences such as why it is essential for the planet, our family, and ourselves. They also learned how to save energy, which could be helpful for them in the next stage of the workshop, which was collage-making. After that, they were told that their role in sav- ing energy could be much more significant by helping the workshop host to design an energy café. They were given information on the mean- ing of energy café, collage, the type of activities, and components they could have for their café. They were allowed to choose as many images as they wished but under two conditions: first, they had to have the agreement of all team members to select a picture. Secondly, they must write a short sentence or a keyword about the reason for choosing a photo. The reasons for these rules were to encourage them to work as a team rather than as individuals. This sense of teamwork, alongside the second demand about writing their reasons, would be a practical way to motivate them to think and discuss the methods and activities that could impact energy saving. Fur- thermore, these processes would prevent them from selecting and assembling random pictures meaning- lessly. Fig.6.8. U-shape arrangement to create a teamwork atmo- sphere A big table with images on it, was located in front of the class window and behind the students’ working table. The reason for not putting the pictures on each group’s table was to give the students the freedom to choose their favorite photos and also provide them with this opportunity to walk around the class to keep them energetic during the workshop time. Fig.6.9. The various categories of printed images Fig.6.10. The workshop host gives presentation to the students The students started by choosing their favorite imag- es from the table, and the host helped them by intro- ducing different categories. Some students were so excited from the beginning, as picking pictures was so amusing for them. A few of them were not enthu- siastic at first, but fortunately, their classmates made them excited by showing a few images from their cultures, such as Chinese food. This spontaneous ac- tion was so interesting and showed how necessary it was to think about diverse cultures and traditions when providing the materials. that this process was so fun for them and they are willing to increase their knowledge. The teachers were so surprised that they could see after one hour of straight working, students were still sharp and looking for ways to improve the design of their café. At this time, students were surprised by seeing an AR model of the energy café building. Although they saw a virtual 3D model of the café shown by the projector at the beginning of the workshop, this AR model captured their attention. Fig.6.11. Students choose their favorite print- ed images for making a collage. During the image selection period, a conversation was formed by the students around the table about how energy could be saved and how this process could become enjoyable and engaging for all age groups. Luckily, this conversation and finding the difference between the impacts of different activities and components on consumption were so funny for the students and became a reason for them to come up with questions. As they were not sure about the effects of all the provided pictures, they started ask- ing questions of each other, the host, and their teach- er, which was a good sign since it could be seen Fig.6.12. Students are working with an AR model of the café. The workshop was terminated by a 10-minute pre- sentation of each group’s work to their classmates. As this process could be stressful for the students, he teacher held each group’s final work in front of tthe class, and the groups talked about their work while sitting in their chairs. 65 66 6.1.3. Workshop learning outcome Thus, instead of giving long lectures with power point, the variety of printed images and dividing them into diverse categories evoked thoughts in their minds about the effects of each picture. In this case, a spontaneous discussion arose around the table, and they started asking questions from the workshop host and their teachers. This discussion taught the participants so many things in a fun way without feeling that they had been forced to learn something. The flexible arrangement of the chairs and putting the table with the images on it in the corner of the class gave an opportunity to the students a chance to walk around and kept them sharp and ener- getic for the whole two hours of workshop time. Augmented reality was an excellent amus- ing tool, making the students even more ex- cited to design a functional and stunning café. The combination of clear role definition, letting them know they are essential for this thesis’s project, collage technique, printing and categorizing a huge number of images, paying attention to diverse cultures and traditions, and adapting AR tool made this workshop successful. The teachers were so surprised that they could see even the students, who usually only stay in the class for a maximum of ten minutes and rarely participate in class activities, found this workshop exciting and engaged actively with the class. Hence, they decided to use the same technique in the future. Their made collages have been shown on the follow- ing pages. Fig.6.13. The final discussion of each group’s collage Students had been told that they were helping an architecture student in designing a café that would impact promoting energy-saving behav- iors, and they would be her colleague for one day. This definition of their role motivated them to work better to influence the Chalmer project. Paying attention to cultural diversity was a prom- inent factor in engaging the participants in the workshop and motivating them to participate ac- tively. For instance, providing food images from international cuisine and decorative elements belonging to various countries created a sense of belonging for the students and inspired even the less interested ones to join the workshop. In addition to co-designing the energy café, one of the workshop’s goals was to find an amusing way to teach and make students aware of energy-efficient behaviors and items that affect energy consumption. 6.1.4.What could be improved for the next workshop? For the next workshop, a few placards could be in- stalled in the class to constantly remind the work- shop’s goal constantly to the students. In this way, they could be less distracted from the main purpose of their work and can focus more. InterviewsInterviews 1 2 Education Fig. 6.14. The examples of the students’ notes Fig. 6.16. The examples of the students’ collages The Second workshop April 18, 2023 How long? • One and half hour Where? • Nytorpsskolan Who? • 20 students of the 7th-grade Why? • Co-designing the Hammarkullen Center • Testing Augmented Reality and story- boards as tools to facilitate complicat- ed co-designing processes Outcome • Co-designing the future designed Hammarkullen Square and trans- forming it into an energy-sensitive center The second workshop focused on an urban-scale transfor- mation to modify the architectural proposal presented by LINK Arkitektur for Hammarkullen Square to make it a place that can increase public awareness of energy-saving behaviors. The subject of energy-efficient behaviors and reflecting it on urban areas is a challenging concept even for designers; thus, it was necessary to find a way to make it understandable for seventh-grade students. To meet this goal, a 3D model of LINK’s design was simulated on an aug- mented reality platform, and with the help of storyboards and designing a game; the co-design process was tried to become straightforward and entertaining for the students. The workshop started with a quick presentation on the results of the first workshop, and the students were told how their collages could help the author’s the- sis work. This step was necessary to rest them assured that their thoughts and ideas held significance and that these workshops were purposeful rather than arbitrary. After that, the second workshop’s goal and process were ex- plained to the students. They had been told that today, they were going to tell the story of the future Hammarkullen Cen- ter, and by that, there would be a few characters who need- ed the students’ help to visualize their wishes using collage. They were asked to download the augment- ed reality app to find the characters and their sto- ries to bring the 3D model into their class. Four different models with three hidden numbers in each model had been prepared before, and the stu- dents were divided into four groups to find the num- bers and use the collage technique to complete each character’s wishes for future Hammarkullen. The students had less energy than in the first workshop; however, due to their teachers’ opinions, the main reasons were the Easter holidays and Ramadan. Despite not being that much energetic, the workshop lasted for approximately one and a half hours, less than the first workshop’s duration but still more than the expected duration, which was fourth five minutes. 6.2. A glance at the second work- • Translating complicated urban design process into an understanding one with the help of Augmented Reality and storyboard Using augmented reality and storyboards to enhance stu- dents' learning experiences of energy-saving behaviors and engage the