Rebirth of The Arch Controlling clarity of direction and movements by semi-circle arches intersecting level Challenging the economy driven hidden structure architecture for the lost qualities of structual space Master Thesis Portfolio Zhiyu Lu Examiner: Jonas Lundberg Tutour: Kengo Skorick Chalmers School of Architecture Spring 2017 MPARC CONTENT Abstract 01 02 03-05 06-07 08-10 11-25 26-34 35 36-39 40-45 46 47 Discourse Reference Base architecture system Mechanical study Prototype study Site identification Organisation system Formation design Porposal Reference Contact ABSTRACT In ancient Rome, the arch plays a major role as an organizer of the space and as a means for expression. This is originally a constructive moment when structure has both a technological as well as spacial and expressive purpose. With the advent of modernism, the structure has virtually been emptied of any meaning except the purely technical, and eventually, the structure is hidden under other ornamental components. Thus, in this master thesis, the arch is going to challenge the economy driven hidden structure architecture for the lost qualities of structural space. The purpose of master thesis is by doing the mechanical property study and reference study to refine semi-circle arches and find the relationship between people’s move- ment, clarity of direction, duration of stay and organization of arch. By analysing the logic of network and centers in Musee du Louvre, the logic of controlling people’s focused move and non-focused move has been found. The relevant methods of this master thesis will be literature and case studies about the history and development of arch. Hang chain models will show the difference of semi-cir- cle arch and parabolic arch on forces inside of them and also clarify the function of side mass. 3D models and physical models test the spacial qualities. The result of this master thesis will be a market on the bridge at Slottesberget. By apply the logic of controlling people’s focused move and non-focused move, the system of network that contains centers, main paths and cells are created on the site. The perpen- dicular multi-intersecting arches are applied at centers for people to gather. The intersect- ing arches are applied at the main paths for people to get shortcuts and quick pass. The independent arches are applied at the cells to create non-focused move and provide space for market activities. The floor is designed as a landscape to create the circulation gradient and encourage people move freely on vertical direction. 1 1 BACKGROUND 1.1 Relevant field 2 3 1 BACKGROUND 1.2.1 Reference project Christ Church - Carlos Mijares This christ church is designed by Mexico archtect - Carlos Mijares for one of the oldest zones of Las Lomas. As h is most recent work, the e n o r m o u s i n t e r i o r s p a c e i s generated by double arches. At their juncture, splayed vaults provide vertical light in the form of a cross upon the alter. The second space is composed by smaller half arches. These half arches strucutrally work as flying buttress support ing the main structure. Meanwhile, these arches also become multiple curtains which transform daylight into something diffused and profound. Interior scene of christ church shows that it is a structure dominate space. The double arches cross with each other and sketch the outline of interior space. Half arches hold the main structure and diffuse the daylight. 4 1.2.2 Reference literature 1 BACKGROUND CARLOS MIJARES: TIEMPO OTRAS CONSTRUCCIONE This book records Carlos Mijares entire career life. It not only shows all the projects of this Mexico architect, but also try to search the root of Carlos's creation. From this book, the reader can get through the logic of structure and space that is hidden behind his project. On Span and Space: Exploring structure in architecture This book provides readers with a better understanding of the relationship between structure and architecture. It offers a well-founded aesthetic theory to support the understanding and evaluation of a structure's form and design, examining concepts and viewpoints from both engineering and architecture 1 BACKGROUND 1.2.3 Reference-problematic precedence The Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center The reason why I choose Zaha Hadid's the Heydar Aliyev Culture Center as a problematic precedence is because this project represent a certain type of architecture which is seen structure only as a technical problem solver. After spend tons and tons of material, money and time, the building decides to hide the structure. Zaha Hadid pursues volume and figure in this project and decides to sacrifice the relationship b et we e n s p c e a n d st r u c t u re . Therefore, I think this project is a problematic precedence. Structure is exposed when the building is under construction. Structure is totally hidden under the curved plate when the building is completed. 5 2 REFERENCE ANALYSIS 2.1 Context argument The Christ Church contains five parts - entrance aisle, enclosure walls, main structure, roof and light well. Arches as the main structure system have both structural and spacial roles. The strucutre as the space-defining elements creates space with strong sense of centrality, isolation and calm. Light well provide vertical light in the form of a cross upon the alter Stepped roof indicates the geometery of interior space Multiple half arches s u p p o r t t h e m a i n structure and diffuse the direct sunlight Double arches form the main strucutre and define the volume of interior space Single direction arches create a strong sense of orientation in front of the entrance 6 2 REFERENCE ANALYSIS 2.2 Base architecture system Crossed double arches define the interior space Double arch is reinforced and joint in the middle Multiple half arches support the main structure Multiple half arches work as curtains and diffuse the daylight The overlaied cemi-circle arches form the light well The spalyed valts offer a solution to balance different geometries and provide direct sunlight for inner space Structurally Spatially 7 3 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 3.1 The mechanical property comparison between parabolic arch and semi-circle arch G Compression stress No bending stress G Compression stress Bending stress t c c c + + = c t cOr Compression only Compression and tension t t Ribble and concrete Thicken bending part CC Thicken whole arch Independent archLorem ipsum Parabolic Arch The force in the parabolic arch is uniformly distributed along the section of arch. There is only compression stress in the arch, thus the parabolic arch is the ideal figure for tradition materals such as stones and bricks to take fully advantage of their capacity. Semi-circle Arch The semi-circle arch is mainly adopted by Romans. Different from parabolic arch, the force condition in semi-ciecle arch is much more complicated. Where the arch tends to bulge outside, bending sterss appears. The tension stress will develop on the outside of arch and compression on the inside with a linear variation of magnitudes from one to the other across the arch thickness. 8 3 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 3.2 Optimizing mechanical property G Compression stress No bending stress G Compression stress Bending stress t c c c + + = c t cOr Compression only Compression and tension t t Ribble and concrete Thicken bending part CC Thicken whole arch Independent archLorem ipsum G Compression stress No bending stress G Compression stress Bending stress t c c c + + = c t cOr Compression only Compression and tension t t Ribble and concrete Thicken bending part CC Thicken whole arch Independent archLorem ipsum G Compression stress No bending stress G Compression stress Bending stress t c c c + + = c t cOr Compression only Compression and tension t t Ribble and concrete Thicken bending part CC Thicken whole arch Independent archLorem ipsum G Compression stress No bending stress G Compression stress Bending stress t c c c + + = c t cOr Compression only Compression and tension t t Ribble and concrete Thicken bending part CC Thicken whole arch Independent archLorem ipsum G Compression stress No bending stress G Compression stress Bending stress t c c c + + = c t cOr Compression only Compression and tension t t Ribble and concrete Thicken bending part CC Thicken whole arch Independent archLorem ipsum Solution 1 B u i l t t h e a rc h w i t h s u f f i c i e nt thickness Solution2 Compression interference from outside Solution 3 Concrete and ribble changing the loading pattern Solution 4 Thicken the bending parts Solution 5 Tension interference from outside 9 3 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 3.3 Horizontal thrust balance the bending forces and compression in semi-circle arch G Compression stress No bending stress G Compression stress Bending stress t c c c + + = c t cOr Compression only Compression and tension t t Ribble and concrete Thicken bending part CC Thicken whole arch Independent archLorem ipsum The reinforcement masonry produces a horizontal thrust that creates a balance between the bending forces and compression, and modifies the funicular polygon of the loads and brings the line of action of the internal forces back inside the section of the arch. The reinforcement masonary plays a fundamental structural roles in semi-circle arch, and its removal can cause the arch to collapse. G Compression stress No bending stress G Compression stress Bending stress t c c c + + = c t cOr Compression only Compression and tension t t Ribble and concrete Thicken bending part CC Thicken whole arch Independent archLorem ipsum The reinforcement masonry and the semi-circle arches in Colosseo, Roma, Italy The magnitude of bending forces is releted to the displacement of semi-circle arch to funicular polygon. The largest bending force appear at the most bulging part, which means at that part it needs the largest horizental thrust to balance the bending forces. 10 4 PROTOTYPE 4.1 Isolated criteria 90° 60° 45° 30° In de pe nd en t A rc he s In te rs ec tin g A rc he s M ul ti- In te rs ec tin g A rc he s In te rs ec tin g A rc he s M ul ti- In te rs ec tin g A rc he s Organisation of arches - Angles - independent or intersecting Orientation Centrality Movement Types of spaces Parameter: Structure system - arches Element: People Agent: Organisation (P) of arches (E) influence peoples' (A) feelings of orientation and movement (O). Summary: Outcome: 11 8000mm 8000mm 6383mm 4480mm 80 00 m m 67 20 m m 14 34 0m m 15 00 0m m 90° 60° 45° 30° ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3,4 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2 = Sense of orientation = Intensity of centrality 4 PROTOTYPE 4.2 Organisation of arches and the perception of centrality and orientation Independent Arches 12 55 72 m m 5572mm 68 00 m m 4100mm 73 00 m m 2950mm 76 60 m m 1954mm 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 90° 60° 45° 30° ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3,4 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2 ΦO=2000mm = Sense of orientation = Types of space = Intensity of centrality 4 PROTOTYPE 4.2 Organisation of arches and perception of centrality and orientation Intersecting Arches 13 84 85 m m 8485mm 10 66 0m m 6260mm 11 42 0m m 4820mm 11 89 0m m 3300mm 90° 60° 45° 30° ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3,4 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2 ΦO=2000mm = Sense of orientation = Intensity of centrality 4 PROTOTYPE 4.2 Organisation of arches and perception of centrality and orientation Multi-Intersecting Arches 14 80 00 m m 8000mm 94 16 m m 6000mm 10 21 1m m 4413mm 10 64 2m m 3066mm 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 90° 60° 45° 30° ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3,4 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2 ΦO=2000mm = Sense of orientation = Types of space = Intensity of centrality 4 PROTOTYPE 4.2 Organisation of arches and perception of centrality and orientation Intersecting Arches 15 8000mm 80 00 m m 94 16 m m 6000mm 10 21 1m m 4413mm 10 64 2m m 3066mm 90° 60° 45° 30° ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3,4 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2 ΦO=2000mm = Sense of orientation = Intensity of centrality Multi-Intersecting Arches 4 PROTOTYPE 4.2 Organisation of arches and perception of centrality and orientation 16 17 4 PROTOTYPE 4.2 Consequence of orientation and movement under new system Senario 1: Connecting intersecting arches from big angles to small angles 8000mm 80 00 m m 94 16 m m 6000mm 10 21 1m m 4413mm 10 64 2m m 3066mm 90° 60° 45° 30° ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3,4 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2 ΦO=2000mm = Sense of orientation = Intensity of centrality Senario 2: Connecting multi-intersecting arches from big angles to small angles 8000mm 80 00 m m 94 16 m m 6000mm 10 21 1m m 4413mm 10 64 2m m 3066mm 90° 60° 45° 30° ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3,4 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2 ΦO=2000mm = Sense of orientation = Intensity of centrality 4 PROTOTYPE 4.2 Organisation of arches and perception of centrality and orientation 18 Senar io 3 : Connect ing arches f rom independent to multi-intersecting 8000mm 80 00 m m 94 16 m m 6000mm 10 21 1m m 4413mm 10 64 2m m 3066mm 90° 60° 45° 30° ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3,4 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2 ΦO=2000mm = Sense of orientation = Intensity of centrality 4 PROTOTYPE 4.2 Consequence of orientation and movement under new system 19 Senario 4: Connecting arches from independent to multi-intersecting and also follow the sequence of movement 8000mm 80 00 m m 94 16 m m 6000mm 10 21 1m m 4413mm 10 64 2m m 3066mm 90° 60° 45° 30° ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3,4 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2,3 ΦO=2000mm*n, n=1,2 ΦO=2000mm = Sense of orientation = Intensity of centrality 4 PROTOTYPE 4.2 Organisation of arches and perception of centrality and orientation 20 Independent arch can not give enough support foece to the center of floor slab, which means the slab have to bear the load itself 4 PROTOTYPE 4.3 Floor system based on the arch performance The size and position of floor slab is dominated by the performance of arch, and the arches will always be the primary bearing system. Therefore the performance of arch is not only influence people's perception in the space, but also influence people's movement on the upper level 21 4 PROTOTYPE 4.5 The arch system between floor and arch wall Developed from the floor system, a new system is introduced between floor and arch. These tiny arches dispense and transmit the strength. This system shows the ability of arch on different scale. Floor Rib-stiffened funicular floor system Arch structure 22 4 PROTOTYPE 4.4 Refining arches based on the mechanical property and introduce the one third level One third level applys in different combination of arches The mechanical stress inside of the single arches Reduce the unnecessary part in arches Introduce the small arches in order to make use of one third level Machenical performance diagram 23 4 PROTOTYPE 4.6 Vertical circulation generation The arches work as the bearing system in the project and half arches work as stairs that connect the normal levels and one third levels. And the position of stairs is dominated by the perfoemance of arches. The diagram shows that stairs can develop in different directions between arches and also form the vertical circulation 24 4 PROTOTYPE 4.6 Final prototype People's sense of centrality and orientation is influenced by the performance of arches and their movement is also various depending on the arch performance based floor system 25 5 CONTEXT 5.1 The site - Slottsberget Residential buildings Walking path Kindergarten Slottsberget stop View from the park Urban farm land The site in this project is at Slottsberget. In history, this place is a important port. And now, it is a wonderful leisure area. The diverse surrounding elements causes dynaimic circulation in this area which gives the oppertunity to utilize and integrate it in the project. 26 5 CONTEXT 5.2 History of Slottsberget During 1700s, Gothenburg grew into a huge city. The port's inportance grew and thanks to the Swedish East India Company, as well as exports of iron and wood, Gothenburg become a major trading and shipping town. In 1800s, both industries and the trading houses expanded in Gothenburg. The city has been praised for having succeeded in developing the area where the ship building industries were located. In the 20th century, the port needed to grow and this means expanding cross the Göta River. The construction of Sannegårdshamnen began in 1908 and it was completed in 1914. Meanwhile, the engineering company Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstads AB was founded. During 1950 and 1960s, Eriksberg was the most profitable shipyard in the country. In Slottsberget, there are many old houses with historial values which were built by shipyard workers from Lindholmen and Eriksbergs. And for many years it was the central harbour for the import of coal and coke. However, with the shipyard crisis happened in 1970s, the industrial sections had faced a recession. And now this area is transformed into a popuar residential area. 27 5 CONTEXT 5.4 The overall conditions of Slottsberget Overall Conditions This diagram shows the general conditions of Slottsberget. It is not only a residential area but also a good place for people to spend the leisure time. People have the convenient access to this area by public transport. In this place, you can not only enjoy the view of port, Göta River, but also can get close to nature. Park Urban farm land Parking lot Bus stop Ferry stop Healthcare facility Shopping mall Residential building 28 5 CONTEXT 5.5 The topography Topography This diagram shows that the most area is quiet flat. The harbour is the lowest point in this area and on both sides of the harbour are small hills, and this causes a valley-liked terrian. 29 5 CONTEXT 5.6 The road system Road System In this area, the road system shows high diversity. It not only inludes asphalt road for cars but also dirt road, bridge and wood walkway that only can be used by citizens and leisure people. Climbing alley Road for cars and pedestrian Walkway Walking and cycling 30 5 CONTEXT 5.7 The green space Green Space This diagram shows the green space in this area. The biggest one in this area is Sörhallsberget which is a developed green hill. On top of Sörhallsberget, people is not only can enjoy the nature but also have the best view of the port, Göta River and city center. Park Lawn Urban farm land Green hill 31 5 CONTEXT 5.8 The leisure space Leisure Space This diagram shows that city managers use the space along the coast line and Sörhallsberget as leisure space. It allows people to enjoy the view and green nature in this area. 32 5 CONTEXT 5.9 The degree of people's aggregation Activity Degree This diagram shows that people mainly gathering along the coast line and at the public transport stops. However, although Sörhallsberget is located at the center of this activity area, it doesn't attract people attention to make use of this developed green hill. Degree of activity 33 5 CONTEXT 5.10 The housing conditions Housing Status The building that exsisted in this area mainly were built in four stages. The old houses that have historical values were built by the shipyard workers in early 1900s. Then in 1960s, morden residential buildings began to built. And in 2004 more residential buildings were bulit along the harbour. In the following years, healthcare and commercial buildings appears in the outskirts of this area. First batch of houses Second batch of houses Third batch of houses Forth batch of houses 34 6 BASE ORGANISATION SYSTEM 6.1 Joints and pathes, clear and unclear - Musee Du Louvre 3rd Zone:Atrium INTERIOR 4th Zone:Atrium CORE 1st Zone:Street EXTERIOR 2nd Zone:Courtyard SEMI-EXTERIOR Unique Uniform Unique Uniform Small Joint Outside Big Joint Small Joint Exhibit path path path path Focal positon Focal positon Focal positon clear Focal positon clear unclear unclear The project that is chosen as base organisation system is Musee Du Louvre. The diagram shows that the museum can be divided into four different zones - exterior, semi-exterior, interior and core. When people visit the museum, certain sequence happens. In each zone, there are joints that play important role in helping people finding their ways, and different types of paths are added to connect these zones. Some paths show the clear destination and direction, while others are quite confusing and people are easy to lost their way. Musee Du Louvre 35 6 FORMATION DESIGN 6.1 Cells, paths and joints 4000 3000 9000 8000 7000 5000 6000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 Point grid based on the site Generate grid Change grid direction 36 6 FORMATION DESIGN 6.1 Cells, paths and joints 4000 3000 9000 8000 7000 5000 6000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 4000 3000 9000 8000 7000 5000 6000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 x yy 1.5y2y2y1.5yy y y y y y 1.5x 1.5x 1.5x 1.5x x x 2x 2x 2x 2x 2.5x 2.5x 2.5x 2.5x Change the grid on x direction Change the grid on y direction Generate the non-uniform cells 37 4000 3000 9000 8000 7000 5000 6000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 4000 3000 9000 8000 7000 5000 6000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 Based on the size of cells to generate paths Circles radius shows the size of joints Polygon shaped joints insure the same distance from each paths to the center, and the joints are prependicular with paths 6 FORMATION DESIGN 6.1 Cells, paths and joints 38 4000 3000 9000 8000 7000 5000 6000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 4000 3000 9000 8000 7000 5000 6000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 7000 50005000 5000 60006000 2000 20002000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 9000 8000 8000 7000 7000 5000 6000 6000 2000 2000 2000 Generate the paths and edge line of joints Arches' intersecting level is based on the size of joints Space in each cell is divided based on the size of cell 6 FORMATION DESIGN 6.1 Cells, paths and joints 39 7 PROPOSAL 7.1 Section perspective 40 7 PROPOSAL 7.2 Boat view perspective 41 7 PROPOSAL 7.3 Interior rendering 42 7 PROPOSAL 7.4 Boat view perspective 43 7 PROPOSAL 7.5 Daily market floor plan 44 7 PROPOSAL 7.6 Book market floor plan 45 1) Moussavi, Farshid. (2009). The Function of Form 2) Mark, Robert. (1982). Experiments in Gothic structure 3) Scully, Vincent. (1962). Louis I. Kahn 4) Brownlee, David Bruce; De Long, David Gilson. (1991). Louis I. Kahn: in the realm of architecture 5) Sandaker, Bjørn Normann. (2008). On span and space: exploring structures in architecture 6) Sandaker, Bjørn Normann; Eggen, Arne Petter; Cruvellier, Mark R. (2011, 2nd ed.) The structural basis of architecture 7) Nilsson, Karl Robin. (2014). Getting the arch back into architecture 8) Santa María, Rodolfo; Palleroni, Sergio; Mijares, Carlos. (1989). Carlos Mijares : tiempo y otras construcciones 9) Block Research Group. http://www.block.arch.ethz.ch/ 8.1 Reference list 8 REFERENCE 46 9 Contact 9.1 Contact Zhiyu Lu luzhiyu2015@gmail.com 46-0728517454 47