How architectural heritage can make the countryside more attractive Sara Synnergren Chalmers School of Architecture Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Examiner: Kia Bengtsson Ekström Supervisor: Oscar Carlsson T O REMEMBER REUSE T O How architectural heritage can make the countryside more attractive REUSE TO REMEMBER REMEMBER TO REUSE Sara Synnergren Gothenburg, 2020 Chalmers School of Architecture Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Master’s program Architecture and Planning Beyond Sustainable Development (MPDSD) Examiner: Kia Bengtsson Ekström Supervisor: Oscar Carlsson ABSTRACT In today’s architecture and planning, there is an increased interest in trying to catch the soul of a place and what makes the place unique. In smaller villages and in the countryside, it is even more important to preserve historical and cultural values. We are also in the middle of a climate change, and in order to minimize the effects that come with it, today’s throwaway society needs to shift into one that reuse existing buildings instead replacing them with new ones. The aim with this thesis is to study the architectural heritage as a resource, to raise the importance of historical building techniques, historical and cultural values, and how transformation of architectural heritage buildings can make the countryside more attractive and useful. This has been executed in a ’research by design’ method. Study visits, interviews, historical investigations, mapping, reference projects, sketching, and model building have been used to collect information. The outcome of the design part of the thesis is a transformation of the Pilebo windmill in Norra Kedum, 17 kilometres outside of Lidköping. The building’s new function is a meeting place, both for visitors and locals, with a combination Figure 1: To preserve the structure of the Pilebo windmill is the most important part of the project (photographer Annie Hyrefeldt). Keywords: Architectural heritage, transformation, historical value, function follows form, sustainability, countryside, windmills 1 2 of a Naturum with a cafe, and a guest house for visiting tourists. The design is an application of the arguments and conclusions discussed in the theoretical part of the thesis. It meets the needs of another attraction along Vänerslingan in the expansion of the tourist route, but also the lack of accommodation in the municipality, at the same time as the building is preserved for future generations. Again, the Pilebo windmill has become the meeting place of Norra Kedum that it once was, but in a contemporary way. The new functions generate income that will finance the maintenance of the building, which means that the windmill will survive in a long-term perspective. The identity of the old function as a windmill is treated with respect in the unique octagonal shape of the rooms, but also in material choices and traditional building techniques of the addition. The conclusion of the project in a sustainability point of view is that transformation of architectural heritage is a way to reduce the building industry’s negative impact on the environment by reusing existing buildings, at the same time as it strengthens the identity of a place. Presentation model building ................... Reference project .................................... Old smock mill, Kent ...................... Design ....................... From research to design .......................... Why should we do a transfoma- tion of the Pilebo windmill? .......... Program ......................................... Concept ........................................ The village perspective ........................... The site ....................................................... The Naturum ............................................. A new durable facade ................ Inside the Naturum ....................... The guest house ....................................... Entrance through the addition.... Transparent walls ........................... Inside the guest house .................. The kitchen island .......................... Two emergency exits .................... Bedroom with a view of the lake ................................................ The machinery room .............................. The engine of the building ......... Conclusion .............. Conclusion ............................................... Personal reflection .................................. List of references ..... Appendices ............. Appendix I - Study trip to Holland ......... Appendix II - Study visits in Sweden ...... Appendix III - Interviews ......................... Appendix IV - Site analysis ..................... TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ..................................................... Student background ................................ Introduction ................ Problem statement ................................... Background ................................... Purpose and aim ........................... Thesis questions .............................. Main thesis question .......... Sub thesis questions ........... Objectives....................................... Methodology ............................................ Theory ............................................. Delimitations .................................. Reading instructions.................................. Site ............................. Lidköping ................................................... History of Lidköping ....................... Tourism ............................................ Vision of Lidköping ........................ Action plan for rural development 2013-2018 ............... Countryside and city ......... Housing ............................... Tourist industry .................... Norra Kedum ............................................ Norra Kedum’s church ................. Marbogården ............................... Vänerslingan ................................. Site analysis of Norra Kedum .................. Local architecture ................................... 2 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 11 12 14 14 14 15 17 17 18 18 19 20 20 20 21 23 3 4 69 71 71 74 75 75 75 76 77 80 81 82 84 89 90 91 94 96 98 100 103 104 106 107 109 110 114 115 141 159 195 25 25 27 27 29 31 32 32 32 33 33 34 35 35 35 36 36 37 37 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 41 43 43 43 44 44 45 The Pilebo windmill ................................... History ............................................. The Pilebo windmill today ............ Album-method .............................. Drawings of existing building ....... Structure ......................................... Qualities ......................................... Situational ........................... Historical .............................. Spatial ................................. Material ............................... Research .................... History of windmills .................................... Windmills in Sweden ...................... Västergötland .................... Post mills ......................................... Tower mills ...................................... Smock mills ..................................... Decline of windmills ...................... Structure of smock mills ........................... Classification ................................. Mill foot ........................................... Balcony .......................................... Mill tower ........................................ Proportions .......................... Dispositions of floors ........... Construction aspects ........ Windows ............................. Cap ................................................ Shape of the cap .............. Components in the cap.... To rotate the cap .............. Wings .............................................. Dimension of the wings ..... The twisting of the wing .... Sails ...................................... Machinery ...................................... Mill stones ............................ The life as a miller ...................................... To become a miller ....................... To study the weather .................... Location of the mill ....................... A meeting place ........................... Inside the windmill ......................... Sacks and grinding book... Payment ............................. Social situation .............................. When the windmill stood still ........ The rural Lidköping ................................... Historical contour of the landscape ...................................... Rural development of Lidköping ........................................ Tourism ................................ Reuse instead of demolition ................... Waste in Sweden .......................... The Delft ladder ............................ Case study .................................... Why we like old buildings ........................ Buildings and time ........................ Reading an old building .............. Connection to nature .................. Memories by the senses ............... Transformation of the architectural heritage ..................................................... Prevent rural decay ...................... Design with the existing ................ Function follows form .................... Relevance for sustainability ......... Process ...................... Study visits .................................................. Interviews ................................................... 3D-model sketching ................................. Facade studies ......................................... 46 46 47 47 48 49 49 49 49 49 50 51 51 51 51 53 53 53 54 55 55 55 56 58 58 58 59 59 60 60 60 61 62 64 65 66 67 68 STUDENT BACKGROUND CONTACT DETAILS Sara Synnergren 073-84 00 672 saramariesynnergren@gmail.com PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE Summer 2019 Internship at Vara Byggkonsult AB SELECTION OF PROJECTS Figure 3: Illustration of the prison and the prison garden, which is a result from the ARK174 studio. Figure 4: Section of the hotel rooms and lobby, a result from the project in the ARK626 studio. Figure 5: Screen shot from the movie made in the ARK258 studio. ACADEMIC BACKGROUND 2015-2018 Bachelor program Architecture and Engineering (AT) at Chalmers University of Technology 2018-2020 Master program Architecture and Design Beyond Sustainability (MPDSD) at Chalmers University of Technology MASTER STUDIOS Fall 2018 - ARK174 Design for a sustainable development in a local context Spring 2019 - ARK626 Architectural heritage and transformation Fall 2019 - ARK258 Matter space structures 3 Figure 2: A picture of me in the Pilebo windmill. 5 INTRODUCTION Den som kommer först till kvarn får först mala. A well-known Swedish proverb meaning ”first come, first served”. ” ” 6 The aim of this thesis is to study the architectural heritage as a resource in architecture and how the architectural heritage in the countryside can be given new functions in order to develop an attractive and living countryside. The purpose of the thesis is to challenge the idea of what an architectural heritage building is, to raise the importance of historical building techniques, historical and cultural values, and to reuse and preserve buildings that are already standing instead of demolish them to build new ones, which are aspects that are not often considered in today’s building industry. This thesis should give the reader arguments and inspiration how to use architectural heritage buildings in a new way and to question the unsustainable building industry that today mainly is driven by economical aspects. The goal of this thesis is to explore and showcase the qualities and potentials of our architectural heritage in a countryside context, and to emphasize the importance of preserving the history and cultural values that these buildings bring. This has been accomplished through a design proposal containing a transformation of an old windmill in Norra Kedum, 17 km outside of Lidköping. In today’s architecture and planning, there is an increased interest in trying to catch the soul of a place and what makes the place unique. In smaller villages and in the countryside, it is even more important to keep the historical and cultural values. Still, when driving around in the countryside, we see barns, warehouses and other cultural heritage buildings in very poor conditions, and some of them will soon collapse because of lack of maintenance. We are also in the middle of a climate change, and in order to minimize the effects that come with it, we need to find solutions that reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases that are causing this change. One solution is to learn from traditional building techniques and knowledge, and to use existing buildings much more than we do today. Today’s throwaway society needs to shift into one that reuse and preserve existing, healthy and functioning buildings instead of building new ones. The transition towards a sustainable building process is necessary, and architects have the ability and the responsibility to demand a movement that will generate realistic design strategies as a step towards a more sustainable building industry. PROBLEM STATEMENT MAIN THESIS QUESTION How can architectural heritage contribute to develop a living and attractive countryside? SUB THESIS QUESTIONS - How can we preserve old building techniques and respect the cultural heritage in transformation projects? - What can architects contribute with to attract more people to the Swedish countryside and to facilitate and ease transformations of the architectural heritage in Sweden? - What aspects must be considered in a transformation of an architectural heritage building? TRANSFORMATION RESEARCH BY DESIGN SUSTAINABILITY PURPOSE AND AIM THESIS QUESTIONS OBJECTIVES - Preserve the history and building techniques of windmills - Create a meeting place for all that is both visually and educationally beautiful - Strengthen the identity and attractiveness of Norra Kedum - Reduce the construction industry’s negative impact on the environment BACKGROUND Figure 6: Focus areas of the thesis. 7 8 Figure 7: Methods and approaches used in the thesis. DESIGN CONCEPT LITERATURE READING Architectural heritage and transformation Future plans of Lidköping History of windmills Building techniques EXCURSIONS PROBLEM DEFINITION Thesis question Design question CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ANALYSIS Observations Mapping Books Articles Websites Study visits Reference projects Planned Spontaneous DESIGN PROPOSAL INTERVIEWS IMPLEMENTATION A ut um n 20 20 End of master’s thesis project W in te r/s pr in g 20 20 After master’s thesis project In the thesis, a ’research by design’ method has been used, and the research part and the design proposal have been performed in parallel. Literature reading, historical investigations and mapping are methods that have been used to collect information required to define the thesis questions. Study visits, reference projects and interviews have been a large part of the thesis project and a tool to form the concept and the final design proposal of the thesis. Exiting is that the design project is a real project, and parts of the thesis will be done in reality, with implementation start during the autumn of 2020. Figure 7 shows the methods and approaches used in the thesis. THEORY The theoretical part of the thesis is mainly about understanding the history and significance of windmills, but also their function, construction and machinery, to have the ability to give the Pilebo windmill the respect it deserves during its transformation. A book worth highlighting is Hättkvarnar i sydöstra Skåne by Terje Granberg, which is like a Bible for windmill enthusiasts. When it comes to information about Pilebo windmill itself, there are only a few lines of text written about it in a book about Norra Kedum. Most of the information has been gathered through a large detective work of articles in the local newspaper, pictures and air-photos, interviews of neighbours and grandchildren of the millers, and mapping of the building. The thesis takes the opportunity to dive deep into the windmill as a building in terms of history, appearance, construction, machinery and identity. The report focuses on investigating the architectural heritage in the countryside, but of course, most of the design strategies and approaches that this thesis presents can be applied in cities as well. A great focus has been put on how architectural heritage buildings can be used to enable them to live for a longer period in terms of maintenance and economy, since these buildings often have high maintenance costs. When it comes to the design proposal and the transformation of Pilebo windmill, focus has been on technical solutions, material choices, details, and the experience inside the building. The report does not focus on installing electricity, water and sewage system into the building, but assumes that this can be done during normal circumstances. Figure 8 shows the focus areas and delimitations of the thesis. METHODOLOGY DELIMITATIONS Figure 8: Focus areas and delimitations of the thesis. MASTER’S THESIS Technical solutions Politics Economy History Design strategies & approaches Society needs Sustainability goals Experience Countryside Memory 109 READING INSTRUCTIONS The thesis is divided in seven parts: Introduction In the first chapter, the author gives her background and starting point of the project, purpose and aim, thesis questions, methodology and delimitations. Site The second chapter introduces the context, the municipality of Lidköping, the village of Norra Kedum, and the Pilebo windmill. The focus is on tourism, as the design proposal touches this area. Research Chapter three deeply explores the windmill as a building and its history, construction and function. The sustainability point of view in transformation projects and why we tend to like old buildings are also discussed. Here, arguments and design strategies for the upcoming design proposal are addressed. Process In the fourth chapter, the author shows parts of her process, which include study trips, interviews, reference projects, facade studies, sketching and model building. 11 Design This chapter presents the finished design proposal through drawings, illustrations, details, photos and 3D models. The proposal is an application of the arguments and conclusions made in the research chapter. Conclusion The last chapter evaluates the design proposal and concludes the master’s thesis by a discussion and personal reflection. Appendices The appendices contains photos from the study trip to the Netherlands and study visits in Sweden, transcripts from all the interviews conducted during the project, and material from different site analysis. SITE I look down over the farms; In the fields of grain I see The harvest that is to be; And I fling to the air my arms, For I know that it is all for me. Longfellow’s poem Song of the Windmill ” ” 12 VÄSTRA GÖTALAND LID KÖPING NORRA KEDUM City of Lidköping Norra Kedum THE SIT E Pilebo windmill Figure 9: Location of Pilebo windmill in Norra Kedum. LIDKÖPING Lidköping is an idyllic town where the inhabitants live close to water and nature. Here, people like to meet, discuss and exchange thoughts. How else is it possible that a city with only 40,000 inhabitants has over 30 cafés? Lidköping is Sweden’s 45th largest town. Due to the likelihood of confusion with Linköping, the municipality usually calls itself Lidköping by Vänern. The town is divided into two parts by the river of Lidan, where the old town is on the east side and the new town is on the west side of the river. In the square of the new town stands a statue of Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, the founder of the new town (Welander, 2019). HISTORY OF LIDKÖPING Lidköping was founded in 1446 by the king of Sweden at that time, Kristoffer of Bayern, and thus became the first city by lake Vänern. In 1553, most of Lidköping burned down in a city fire. Gustav Vasa granted the city three years of tax exemption but ordered that Lidköping should not be rebuilt. He wanted the city to be moved to the place where Vänersborg later was built, but Lidköping was never moved. In 1615, Jacob De la Gardie became the Count of Läckö castle after his great success in the Russian war. He also got the right to build a city, which he never utilized. However, his son, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, decided to build a new town within the county. The west side of Lidan was the chosen location of this new city and was built in a strict geometric ground plan that De la Gardie had made himself (Welander, 2019). During 1413 the following centuries, Lidköping underwent a steady population growth, and in year 1900, the city had 5,452 inhabitants. In 1849, a devastating fire again destroyed almost the entire old town. The only remainings of the old town was a neighbourhood that today is called Limtorget. In 1874, Lidköping got its first railway, Lidköping – Skara – Stenstorps railway. In the end of the 1800s, the first major industries began to grow in Lidköping, including a raw sugar factory with refinery, two match factories, a brewery, and Lidköping’s porcelain factory, which later became world known as Rörstrand (Welander, 2019). TOURISM The tourism in Lidköping is constantly increasing, both among Swedish and foreign tourists. Lidköping is a great place for tourism, with closeness to lake and nature, beautiful archipelagos, interesting historical and cultural attractions, and an idyllic city centre with nice restaurants and cafés. Some places in the municipality are busy during the summer season, yet there are plenty of possibilities to find quiet and undiscovered sides of the municipality. According to Carolina Hellström at Destination Läckö-Kinnekulle (personal communication, April 17th, 2020), the tourist office in Lidköping, the most popular areas to visit as a tourist are Rörstrand porcelain factory, Crono camping area, and the City Hall in Lidköping city centre. Outside of the city, Läckö castle and Spiken’s fishing village at Kållandsö, located 25 km Figure 10: Air-photo of Lidköping city centre with the square and the City Hall. The river of Lidan separates the old town in the east from the new town in the west (Destination Läckö-Kinnekulle, 2020). 15 16 north of the city, are the most popular tourist attractions. However, she can clearly see that the new trends are outdoor tourism, such as hiking, canoeing and cycling. One place to do that is at Hindens reef, 25 km west of the city, a 5 km long spearhead out in the lake formed during the inland ice age. The two biggest challenges that the municipality has are the limited accommodation available for visitors, and the lack of public transportation to many of the tourist attractions. Carolina Hellström tells that tourists can easily get to Lidköping in a sustainable way by train, but stress that if they want to go to Hindens reef for hiking, they need to rent a car because there is no bus. Lidköping is a seasonal city, and during the summers, the municipality has far too few hotel beds and other accommodation for tourists. Also, since Lidköping got its new event arena in 2009, the city now can hold big events. Melodifestivalen and Mia Skäringer are two examples of events held in the arena. Another yearly event in Lidköping is the Big Power meet, which is one of Sweden’s largest meetings for American cars. During these events, it is almost impossible for visitors to find accommodation. VISION OF LIDKÖPING The comprehensive developmental plan from 2018 is an important tool for Lidköping in the work on the municipality’s long-term development, and a strategic way to achieve the vision of the municipality, which is: Lidköping - a welcoming and sustainable municipality Based on this vision, the municipality has developed three main objectives that form the basis for the comprehensive plan: 1. Good quality of life, healthy environment and good service for all make more people move to Lidköping, and by 2030, the municipality has at least 45,000 inhabitants 2. By 2030, the municipality of Lidköping is a meeting place that has doubled its number visitors 3. By 2030, there are jobs within reach for anyone who wants to live in Lidköping, and good public transportation to be able to get to and from school and work (Lidköpings kommun, 2018, p. 4) COUNTRYSIDE AND CITY - No border between city and countryside - Highlight the values of the countryside - A profile of local production - Do not allow the city to contaminate the agricultural land In the municipality of Lidköping, most of the countryside is within 15-25 minutes travel time from the city centre. With such short distances and with good communications, there will be a win-win situation both for the rural and urban environment, if the border between them is blurred out. The rural areas are to be managed in the same way as city districts with plans for densification, services and communications, while at the same time taking advantage of rural characteristics. The values of rural and urban areas must be visualized for the municipality’s residents and for visitors. To profile the local production is important, both food and bio- energy. The countryside can also receive and end the cycle of non-contaminated rest products from the city (Lidköpings kommun, 2013, p. 16). HOUSING - Plan for denser and more varied buildings - Still have a generous approach to rural construction - Build more homes - Plan for holiday villages for visitors A living countryside is dependent on young adults and families with children being able to establish themselves there. The elderly should be able to sell their houses but still have the opportunity to stay in the villages if they want to. It is important to create a varied housing market in rural areas, with different forms of lease, which results in housing available for all target groups. To be able to build more homes in the countryside, more building sites of various size and use, both for construction companies and private individuals must be promoted. Also, local building initiatives utilizing existing buildings to build new housing should be supported to stimulate rural housing construction, for example to reuse well-maintained buildings for purposes other than they were built for, e.g. rebuild barns into apartments. More holiday villages are needed to meet the demand of accommodation for tourists visiting the municipality (Lidköpings kommun, 2013, p. 17). ACTION PLAN FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2013-2018 The municipality’s goal is to keep the countryside alive. According to the municipality’s vision of Lidköping being a welcoming and sustainable municipality, the development can not only take place in the city. It should also be possible to live and work in rural areas in a way that is sustainable and with mutual benefit between the city and the countryside. Large parts of the municipality’s rural areas are active agricultural land, and in order to secure the generation shift among farmers, new housing need to be added adjacent to existing farming units. Other business activities based in the countryside also need room for development. In addition to the comprehensive plan, the municipality of Lidköping has published a report called Action Plan for Rural Development 2013- 2018. The program is an important basis for the long-term work on rural development. It TOURIST INDUSTRY - Build more tourist accommodation - Make the landscape more accessible - Create and maintain new tourist attractions - Take advantage of abandoned buildings Development of the tourist industry is an opportunity for rural entrepreneurship. Tourists staying overnight and staying for several days are especially important. By increasing the range of accommodation options and services aimed for different types of visitors, the rural attractiveness is increased. It is important to create new tourist attractions of various kinds, both small and large, and to plan for more outdoor attractions, such as cycling, canoeing and hiking trails with parking spaces adjacent to the attractions. In the areas for rural development along the shoreline, so called LIS areas (landsbygdsutveckling i strandnära läge), holiday villages need to be built to meet the demand of tourist accommodation. Also, houses, barns and warehouses of various kinds that are left to decay reduce the attractiveness of the municipality. Take advantage of them and reuse abandoned buildings for purposes other than they were built for e.g. rebuild barns into Bed & Breakfast (Lidköpings kommun, 2013, p. 21). Handlingsplan för landsbygdsutveckling 2013-2018 Figure 11: Action plan for rural development 2013- 2018. 1817 contains descriptions of the countryside from twelve different aspects and suggestions of strategies for these focus areas (Lidköpings kommun, 2013, p. 4). Three of the focus areas are described in more detail as they are most related to this thesis. NORRA KEDUM Figure 12: Air-photo of Norra Kedum. The closeness to nature and water is something that many of the locals appreciate (author’s photo). Norra Kedum is located 17 kilometres west of Lidköping. The village has around 200 inhabitants and an area of 10 square kilometres, most of which is agricultural land. Today, here is quiet and peaceful, but in the past, the village had a school, a grocery shop, a dairy shop and a train station along the old railway between Lidköping to Tun that was removed in 1939 (Gustavsson, 1996, p. 25). The village is of medieval origin with a church dating from the 13th century. A Figure 13: Sign of Vänerslingan. 19 20 small stream flows around the cemetery, which leads to a canal that eventually reaches lake Vänern. Norra Kedum has a rich history of ancient remains both from the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, for example Häbbarebacken with the grave of King Häbbe (Lidköpings hantverks- och sjöfartsmuseum, 1991, p. 106). Today, there are four medium-sized farms in the village and a number of smaller units with so-called moonlight farmers. NORRA KEDUM’S CHURCH The church was built in the 13th century and has been extended several times. During the Middle Ages, a wooden porch was built, and in the 1670s the church was extended to the east (Svenska kyrkan, 2017). In the early 1900s, there were discussions of demolishing the church and building a new one. But when the King of Sweden visited the church, he thought that it was too beautiful to tear down and instead the church was restored (Gustavsson, 1996, p. 107). The tower was built in the 1930s and the most important works inside the church are the roof paintings from 1744 by Lars Hasselbom (Lidköpings hantverks- och sjöfartsmuseum, 1989). MARBOGÅRDEN For several hundreds of years, Marbogården was a rectory to the pastorate of Norra Kedum. In the 1970s, an entrepreneur from Lidköping bought the farm and divided it into 64 small plots that were sold for summer cottages. The area was exploited and became a leisure village (Gustavsson, 1996, p. 53). New roads were constructed, and water, sewage system and electricity were installed. Lately, the area has started to developed more as an all year-round area (Marbogården Lidköping, 2020). Close to Marbogården, one can find the only beach of Norra Kedum, called Röllingen. It is a small and beautiful sandy beach with a jetty, but since there are no signs, it is tricky to find and therefore, mostly locals visit the beach. VÄNERSLINGAN Vänerslingan is a cultural route that was initiated as a leader project with the aim of creating better conditions for inhabitants and businesses along road 2559, which runs through Norra Kedum. The project went on between 2012-2014 and the result was a tourist route with various attractions and a sea-lane in the archipelago (Larsson, 2014). It all began with some entrepreneurs and craftsmen in the area starting to think about how to show this part of Lidköping, since all tourists mainly visit Kållandsö and Läckö castle. They also wanted a sea-lane so that visitors by boat also could visit the archipelago which is very shallow and rocky. The project was successful and generated a greater collaboration between residents as well as a tourist route and sea-lane that is still used extensively today. Vänerslingan has simply been a first step in making this part of the municipality more accessible and visible. Along Vänerslingan, there are many attractions and sights such as museums, churches, accommodations, basic camper areas, local shops, cafés, hiking trails and swimming places. Norra Kedum contributes with a camper area, canoe rental and hiking trails (personal communication with Liselotte Eliasson, April 14th, 2020). Skala 1:10 000, SWEREF 99 TM, RH 2000. Källa, Lantmäteriet http://www.lantmateriet.se/kartutskrift TÅDENE N KEDUM TRANUM VÄLA ÖRSLÖSA N KEDUM Röllingen Beach Towards Tun Towards Lidköping Parish border Public road Private road Dirt road Foot path Signposted hiking trail Sea-lane Shallow Marsh Reed Ancient monument Cultural heritage area Vänerslingan tourist road Lake/stream Forest Agricultural land Open land/pastures Contour lines, vertical interval 5 metres Housing Economy buildings Registered agricultural, fishing or forestry occupation Agricultural occupation with more than 100 animals Area with detail plan Area with certain regulations LIS-area Electricity transmission line Mast Chimney Church Bus station Camping spot Canoe rental Beach Harbour Viewpoint BBQ Picnic area Paddock Pasture with animals The Pilebo windmill Vän ers lin ga n Vänerslingan Figure 14: Site analysis of Norra Kedum (adaptation of Riksantikvarieämbetet, 2019). LOCAL ARCHITECTURE Figure 19: Storegården. Figure 22: Marbogården. Figure 18: Church of Norra Kedum. Figure 21: Kåregården. Figure 20: Former school of Norra Kedum.Figure 16: Former rectory of Norra Kedum. Figure 17: Kullabo. Figure 15: Village of Norra Kedum. 23 24 THE PILEBO WINDMILL HISTORY A thunderstorm in 1882 set fire to a windmill at Aggetorp, 1 kilometre south of Pilebo, and the whole windmill burned down to the ground. The idea of building a new windmill was aroused by Johannes Andersson, Pilebo, who was one of the wealthiest men in the area. He hired the windmill builder Göthe from Stenhammar in Lidköping, to raise a new windmill on Pilebo’s property (NLT, 1953). The large upright shaft was bought from Kinnekulle, and the three pairs of mill stones were taken from Lugnås’ well-known mill stone quarry. Transporting the upright shaft from Kinnekulle was an adventure, when a couple of the biggest horse-drawn carriages were crushed under the heavy load. It was also considered a danger to pass the bridge by the square in Lidköping city centre, but the bridge made it better than the carriages. The Pilebo windmill was completed in 1884 and was at that time one of Skaraborg’s largest windmills (Hg, 1993). The construction cost of the windmill was SEK 7,000. For 22 years, the Pilebo windmill was operated Figure 23: Photo of the millers resident and the Pilebo windmill in the background. The photo is taken somewhere between 1925 and 1953 (photo of Bosse Larsson). Figure 24: Photo of Verner Johansson with family and friends in front of the Pilebo windmill (photo of Bosse Larsson). 2625 by Johannes Andersson, but in the beginning of 1900s, Johannes had difficulties finding labour as the labourers wanted to work in agriculture rather than in a windmill (NLT, 1953). In 1906, the Pilebo windmill was sold to Verner Johansson from Söne to a sum of SEK 3,375. Verner had previously helped his father with grinding and knew the business (NLT, 1953). In an interview with Bosse Larsson (personal communication, February 19th, 2020), the grandchild of Verner Johansson, Bosse describes Verner as extremely kind, humble and generous. He loved when his grandchildren visited him, and he was a playful and funny old man. As a miller, he was social and service minded, and since the Pilebo windmill was one of the main meeting places of Norra Kedum, he met many farmers for sure got to hear some gossip and news. Verner and his wife Ellen got six children. Anna-Lena Broberg, who was the closest neighbour to the family of Verner, tells in an interview that Verner and Ellen had two daughters in Anna-Lena’s age that she played with as a child (personal communication, February 24th, 2020). They often played in the windmill and ran up and down the stairs. Their families had a good relationship. Anna-Lena’s family went to grind their grain in the windmill and Ellen came to them to mangle her laundry. Sometimes, Verner bought milk from Anna-Lena’s father. She agrees that Verner was playful. Instead of taking the stairs, Verner took some flour on his hands and slid down the railing of the stairs, and it went really fast. Verner had a good economy and he early could afford to buy a car. When grinding at the Pilebo windmill, Verner took a certain amount of grain as a payment. This grain was ground and sold or used by Ellen in the kitchen. The grinding could of course also be paid in cash (Gustavsson, 1996, p. 66). Even though the Pilebo windmill was placed on a windy site, there were also long periods without any wind when the windmill could not be used. When it then blew up again, there was no time to lose and Verner worked day and night to make sure that all farmers would get their flour on time. The Pilebo windmill operated with wind power until 1925, when the wings were taken down and electric power was installed for the operation. The wings were sold to Västerplana, Kinnekulle. With the electric power came a new era for the windmill. Electricity was expensive, but instead Verner got a better organization of the work in the windmill and he could give a better service to the farmers. During the best year of the Pilebo windmill, around 130 sacks were ground per day, and the highest net income was SEK 14,000, made during its first year as an electric mill. The Pilebo windmill was active during both world wars. At that time, four times as much flour as usual was ground in the windmill. The state tax or grinding fee that came after the war was a difficult step for all millers (Hg, 1993). In the 1950s, more and more farmers in Norra Kedum began to buy small electric mills to their farms, which made it even more difficult for the millers to survive. In 1954, when Verner and the Pilebo windmill both turned 70 years old, Verner stopped the business that he had conducted for half a century. Verner put the windmill on advertisement and got the interior sold (NLT, 1953). In 1958, the Pilebo windmill was bought by Kurt and Anna-Lena Broberg, and used as a garage and warehouse for fertilizer. In 2015, Jane and Tommy Synnergren, the parents of the author, bought the Pilebo farm, and the windmill came with the farm. THE PILEBO WINDMILL TODAY Today, the Pilebo windmill remains in a poor condition, but still upright and with an imaginative memory. The building has a diameter of 9 meters and a height of 12 meters, divided in four floors. The facade of the windmill tower is covered with wooden shingles and the cap is covered with sheet metal. The windows are 650x800 mm with simple window glazing bars. Inside, huge beams support the construction, and crosses between the eight vertical logs work as stabilizer. The fact that all the interior and the three pairs of grinding stones are gone means that the building does not have the same cultural value as if it was intact. However, this also provides an opportunity to utilize it for something else and give it a new function, but still preserve the history of windmills, the building techniques and our cultural heritage. Figure 25: Album describing the Pilebo windmill. LANDSCAPE STILL LIFE PORTRAIT SK IN M EA T BO N E ALBUM-METHOD The album-method is a format that can be used to document a variety of architectural features of a building or space. Sometimes, architecture is complex, and it can be difficult to maintain many layers of significance at one glance. The format, consisting of 3x3 selected photographs in one field, is an attempt to frame the work’s various characteristics and field of properties. The photos are vertically organized in relation to the three scales: landscape, still life and portrait. Horizontally, the images describe the tectonic joints of the building: skin, meat and bone. Together, the nine pictures form a new, coherent look of the work. 27 28 PR O D U C ED B Y A N A U TO D ES K S TU D EN T VE R SI O N PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PR O D U C ED B Y A N A U TO D ESK STU D EN T VER SIO N PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PR O D U C ED B Y A N A U TO D ES K S TU D EN T VE R SI O N PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PR O D U C ED B Y A N A U TO D ESK STU D EN T VER SIO N PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PR O D U C ED B Y A N A U TO D ES K S TU D EN T VE R SI O N PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PR O D U C ED B Y A N A U TO D ESK STU D EN T VER SIO N PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PR O D U C ED B Y A N A U TO D ES K S TU D EN T VE R SI O N PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PR O D U C ED B Y A N A U TO D ESK STU D EN T VER SIO N PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION Figure 29: Existing floor plan of the Pilebo windmill, scale 1:200. DRAWINGS OF EXISTING BUILDING Figure 28: Existing section of the Pilebo windmill, scale 1:200. Figure 26: Existing elevations of the Pilebo windmill, scale 1:200. Figure 27: Existing site plan of the Pilebo windmill, scale 1:500. 3029 STRUCTURE The structure of the windmill tower is completely visible and easy to read and understand. Eight huge, vertical logs with diameter of almost 400 mm and an angle of 77° are held together with an octagon shaped sill plate and capping plate (grey colour). There are two primary beams on each floor (red colour). The primary beams supporting the 1st floor are 300x300 millimetres and the primary beams supporting the 2nd and 3rd floor are Figure 30: Diagram of the structure of Pilebo windmill. 3D-model of the structure Vertical logs, sill plate and capping plate Primary beams (red lines) Secondary beams (blue lines) Lower stabilizers (green lines) Upper stabilizers (yellow lines) HISTORICAL Preservation of the historical contour of the countryside The location in the open landscape makes it visible from all directions A landmark of Norra Kedum and a new attraction and meeting place for visitors and locals Possibilities of producing its own electricity because of the windy location Preservation of windmill’s building technology and Pilebo’s history of nearly 150 years An understanding and impressiveness of man-power and that these buildings were built without advanced tools All the numbers, text and notes on the structure made by the millers 3231 200x200 millimetres. The number of secondary beams is different depending on the floor (blue colour). 12 secondary beams support the 1st floor, and 6 secondary beams each support the 2nd and 3rd floor. Finally, the construction is stabilized by crosses in between the vertical logs in two different layers. The lower crosses are slightly smaller than the upper ones and go from ground floor to 1st floor, while the upper crosses go from 1st floor and all the way up to the 3rd floor. Some of the eight sides of the octagon are missing crosses. The lower layer is missing two crosses on the sides with doors, and the upper layer is missing three crosses. There is no explanation to why the upper layer does not have crosses on all sides, but most probably some of them have been removed due to rot. Another explanation is that stabilizers on all sides are not necessary. QUALITIES The following diagrams on the next two pages describe some of the qualities that the Pilebo windmill contains and expresses. These are some of the arguments and reasons why the windmill should be preserved and not be left to decay. Several of the qualities are discussed more in detail in the research chapter. SITUATIONAL SPATIAL MATERIAL The octagon shape The visible structure Light from all directions The difference in ceiling height on the different floors gives the visitor a surprising experience 360° view because of the characteristic shape The small characteristic windows The well-worn footsteps of the stairs after the thousands of times the millers have run up and down the windmill The untreated wooden structure has got a beautiful grey patina The characteristic facade of wooden shingles The stair railings are so soft that you don’t want to let them go when you are up on the next floor The beautiful patina of the big doors with its pattern of rust 33 RESEARCH If the global population reaches 9.6 billion by 2050, the equivalent of almost three planets will be required to sustain current lifestyles (United Nations, 2015)” ” 34 peak, the total amount of windmills in Europe was estimated to 500,000 (Carlquist et al, 2019, p.24). The most common use of the windmills was for grinding, but the Dutch were innovative and also used windmills to saw timber, make oil, paint, spices, tobacco, cement, paper, and for drainage of the huge embankments (Hills, 1994, p. 165). WINDMILLS IN SWEDEN In the beginning of the Middle Ages, wind power was used more and more for grinding in Sweden, and windmills ground both flour and animal feed. During the 19th century, Sweden’s population increased by 2.5 million people, mainly because of reduced child mortality and longer life among the inhabitants due to peace, vaccine, and potatoes. HISTORY OF WINDMILLS The earliest known references to windmills are in Persia 644 A.D. These windmills were a horizontal mill type with wings radiating from a vertical axis (Encyklopedia Britannica, 2020). Around 900 years ago, medieval Europe started to develop the first real factories in human history, entirely powered by renewable energy. They consisted of a building, a power source, machinery, and employees. Thousands of windmills and waterwheels were built and transformed the society radically. It was an industrial revolution. Watermills were more important and numerous than windmills. However, not all regions were suited for watermills, like Spain, the Netherlands, and parts of England, where the water flow was not big enough, or like Scandinavia, Russia, and parts of Germany, where rivers generally froze during the winters (De Decker, 2008). At its VÄSTERGÖTLAND Figure 31 shows a map of Norra Kedum and the surrounding villages in the 1870s. Each dot on the map is a windmill, and in this area, almost 60 windmills can be counted. Here, in the open terrain, it was worthwhile to build windmills where the wind blew heavily and often. This part was also at a competitive distance from the water-powered mills further east. Imagine this pleasant sight with all these wings rotating only by the power of the wind. Unfortunately, only a few of these windmills remain today, and have been taken care of by local associations (Sjöland, 1988, p. 1). POST MILLS The post mill was constructed like it was suspended on a stump, which means on a fixed vertical axis. The entire windmill had to be rotated around this axis to get in the right wind direction, Figure 32: Post mills at Öland, Sweden (Hills, 1994, p. 84). Figure 33: Tower mills at Mykonos, Greece (Travel Notes, 2020). 3635 The population growth led to an increased demand of grain products, both flour and animal feed. The agricultural land doubled, and agriculture developed efficiently during this time. Skåne became the landscape of the smock mills. For several decades, the growth of windmills in Skåne was one windmill per year. In Västergötland, post mills dominated the landscape, although some smock mills appeared here as well (Granberg, 2008, chapter 3, p. 4). Figure 31: Windmills in the context of the thesis in the 1870s (Sjöland, 1988). which limited the size and weight of the post mills. These types were narrow and cramped, and the weight had to be evenly distributed around the axis (Ek, 1962, p. 13). During the 20th century, when oil engines began to be installed in windmills, this was not possible in the post mills due to lack of space and fire danger. The post mills normally had one pair of mill stones, and thus, a low capacity since it was impossible to use the same stone pairs for both flour and animal feed (Granberg, 2008 chapter 3, p. 3). TOWER MILLS In the beginning of the 15th century, a second type of windmill appeared, called the tower mill. The tower mill was later improved by the Dutch. Here, only the top of the building, the so called cap and the wings rotated, and the tower of the mill remained fixed. Tower mills were never common in Sweden but were the dominant mill type around the Mediterranean, and could be constructed from stone or brick, thus they were more sturdily built (Carlquist et al, 2019, p.22). SMOCK MILLS In 1863, a privilege policy which forbid the construction of too many new windmills, to benefit the nobility and to some extent also the church, was liquidated in Sweden. A large expansion of smock mills took place in Sweden, and instead of one windmill per year, the number went up to two new windmills per year. The smock mill represented the new technology of that time, and was an improved version of the tower mill. Here only the cap was rotatable so that the wings could be placed against the wind. The mill tower itself was permanently attached to its foundation and could be stable and spaciously built to support the cap and the large force from the wind. Such a windmill had room for three pairs of mill stones, and a peeling machine. There was a significant increase in capacity compared Figure 35: Exterior terminology of a smock mill (Granberg 2008, chapter 4, p. 16). WINGS (VINGAR) CAP (HÄTTA) MILL TOWER (BÖL) BALCONY (OMGÅNG) FAN TAIL (ROSETT) MILL FOOT (KVARNFOT) FAN STAGE (HÄTTBALKONG) BRAKE (BROMSLINA) 37 Figure 34: Smock mill for drainage in Abcoude, the Netherlands (author’s photo). to the post mills, and many smock mills had different types of stone pairs for animal feed, flour, and sift. In the large mills, you could drive through the windmill with a horse and carriage. In this way, the handling of sacks with a lift directly from the carriage was improved. Also, a vital innovation in the smock mills was the break wheel that transferred the power to the various stones. By these interventions, the development of the windmill had advanced from the small and ungainly post mill to the spacious, stable, high- tech smock mill that was like a small industry (Granberg, 2008, chapter 3, p. 6). DECLINE OF WINDMILLS Windmills lost their significance when human found more secure and reliable sources of power (Jansson, 1977, p. 2). During the first half of the 20th century, the decline of windmills was apparent. Newer industrial mills offered flour of better quality, bakeries expanded and distributed their products in rural areas, and the electrification in the 1920-30s meant a possibility for a permanent operation that was independent of the weather. The expansion of electricity supply in the countryside meant that more farmers were getting their own small electric powered mills. The last phase for windmills was during the Second World War, when there was a certain rise in home bakery. After that, the millers grew old and stopped maintaining their windmills. The decay continued, and soon only the foundation remained, that often was used for a new house (Granberg, 2008, chapter 3, p. 9). THE STRUCTURE OF SMOCK MILLS CLASSIFICATION Based on the design of the mill foot, the smock mill can be classified into the following types: - small mill - medium-sized mill - large mill - extra-large mill The smock mills have the functions distributed in at least 3 floors, meal floor, stone floor and bin floor. The designs of the mill foot and the mill tower determine how the floor plan in the mill is distributed (Granberg, 2008, chapter 4, p. 2). SMALL MILL MEDIUM-SIZED MILL LARGE MILL EXTRA-LARGE MILL MILL FOOT The mill foot, the foundation on which the tower rests, can vary in height from only a meter above the ground for a small mill, to a two-story high structure with a gate as in an extra-large mill. An extra-large mill and a large mill have two gates in the mill foot so that the horses and carriages can go right through the windmill to unload and load sacks. A medium-sized windmill has doors in the mill foot where sacks can be taken in on a sack barrow trolley. A small mill has doors in the mill body and the sacks must be carried in and out. A medium-sized mill and a small mill always have two doors, usually one on the east side and one on the west side so that the miller always can enter the windmill if the wind blows straight on one door (Granberg, 2008, chapter 4, p. 3). The mill foot is often built of stone that has been taken from a quarry nearby. On larger and more expensive mills, windows, doors, and gates in the mill foot are decorated with bricks (Granberg, 2008, chapter 5, p. 3). BALCONY In order to mount the sails, the miller must be able to access the wings quickly, and then climb up the wing for mounting. On a small windmill, where the wings go all the way down to the ground, the miller can climb straight up. On a larger mill, a wooden balcony usually is built in the same level as the bottom of the mill tower. The balcony is supported by oblique planks that meet the lower part of the mill foot. The fence around the balcony is traditionally sloping outwards to give more space for the wings (Granberg, 2008, chapter 4, p. 4). MILL TOWER PROPORTIONS The mill tower on smock mills always has eight equal sides built of wood. The shape varies slightly, but the following propositions for a section of the smock mill, that can be seen in the diagram, appear to have been a guidance for many windmill builders in the construction of the mill tower (Granberg, 2008, chapter 4, p. 4). Figure 36: Classification of smock mills. DISPOSITION OF FLOORS A large windmill has a mill foot of sufficient height to run through with a horse and carriage. If the windmill had a backup power source, this engine was most often placed in the mill foot. The first floor is called meal floor (sv. broloft). From this floor, the miller controls the grinding process. Here the sacks are filled with flour and a grain crusher and sift is often placed on this floor. On second floor, the stone floor (sv. maleloft), all the pairs of mill stones are placed, together with the great spur wheel. The stone floor is usually the one with the highest ceiling height. Third floor is called the bin floor (sv. förlagsloft). Here, lots of sacks are stored, both sacks with grains that are waiting to be ground, and sacks with flour that are waiting to be picked up by its farmer. On this floor, the grain is poured into bins that are connected with the mill stones on the floor below. In a small windmill that does not have a mill foot, there is no possibility for horses to go through the windmill. Instead, the sacks must be carried into and out from the windmill. Except from the lack of mill foot, the rest of the floors are distributed in the same way as in a large mill, but with the meal floor starting on ground floor. There are also other variants on how the floors are disposed. On smaller windmills, the ceiling height of the bin floor can be quite low, and is then called cap floor (Granberg, 2008, chapter 6, p. 2). Figure 37: Proportions of a smock mill. 39 40 FLOOR OBJECT NUMBER OF ITEMS WEIGHT TOTAL WEIGHT MEAL FLOOR Peeling machine 1 1,500 kg 1,500 kg Sacks 15 100 kg 1,500 kg STONE FLOOR Pair of mill stones 3 3,000 kg 9,000 kg Sacks 20 100 kg 2,000 kg Wallower/main shaft/great 1 2,000 kg 2,000 kg spur wheel BIN FLOOR Sacks 300 100 kg 30,000 kg OCTAGON Wind shaft/brake wheel/brake 1 2,000 kg 2,000 kg Beams/breast beam 1 1,000 kg 1,000 kg Wings 1 1,500 kg 1,500 kg TOTAL WEIGHT 50,500 kg CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS The mill tower is constructed with a rigid frame with stabilizing crosses between the vertical logs so that the machinery inside the windmill does not get disturbed when rotating the cap. The figure below shows estimated loads on the various floors in a large mill. Because of the large loads, the mill tower is well-dimensioned and made of high-quality wood. Usually, pine wood was used for upright logs, crosses, and beams, but windmills standing on larger mansions and castles could have frames build of oak. Since the wind often came from the west or southwest, the structure became uneven after a while, causing deformations on the tower’s west and southwest sides. Then, the miller had to make adjustments by placing wooden wedges between the vertical logs and the octagon laying on top of these logs. Due to the windmill builder’s big margins and well-dimensioned structures, modernization of the windmills has later been possible, even though it was not the plan from the beginning. Heavy equipment such as a grain crusher, a rolling mill, and an engine for backup power have increased the loads even more. There is no information about windmill towers that have collapsed in Sweden. What we can read about are caps and wings that have blown off the tower if the miller failed to turn the wings against the wind (Granberg, 2008, chapter 6, p. 4). Figure 38: Estimated calculation of loads in a windmill (adaptation from Granberg, 2008, chapter 6, p. 3). WIND SHAFT (VINGAXEL) BRAKE WHEEL (KRONHJUL) WALLOWER (KRONDREV) BRAKE (PRESS) UPRIGHT SHAFT (STJÄRNHJULSSPINDEL) FAN TAIL (ROSETT) GREAT SPUR WHEEL (STJÄRNHJUL) STONE NUT (KVARNDREV) RUNNER STONE (LÖPARE) BED STONE (LIGGARE) Figure 39: Terminology of the machinery inside the windmill (Wikimedia Commons, 2020). 4241 WINDOWS Normally, there are four windows on each floor in a smock mill. The windows have two functions. One function is to bring light into the windmill so the miller can take notes of weights and other important information in his book, but more importantly, the miller had to be able to look out and see if the weather was about to change, or if any customers were on their way to the windmill. The stabilizing crosses in the frame of the mill tower determined the height of the window's placement and limit their size. Traditionally, windmills have small rectangular wooden windows with window glazing bars, where the number of squares varies between four and twelve (Granberg, 2008, chapter 4, p. 5). CAP SHAPE OF THE CAP The cap is the roof of the windmill, and the minimum requirement is that the wing shaft and the brake wheel can fit here. There must also be space for the miller to maintain the components in the cap, such as turn or replace the cogs on the wheels. In the Netherlands, the completely dominant shape of the cap is the so called boat cap. This cap has the same shape as an upside- down boat, where a quarter of the length is cut off and replaced with a vertical wall for the wind shaft (Granberg, 2008, chapter 4, p. 6). In the southern part of Sweden, the onion-shaped cupola cap is the most common. These are slightly flatter on top so that it becomes easier to stand on the cap when it must be maintained or repaired. The cap usually has a window at the back. The design of the cap must be strong enough to support the weight of the wings, sometimes with wet sails, the wind shaft, and the brake wheel. If the windmill has a tail pole for rotating the cap, even more loads are carried by the cap. Finally, the more difficult forces to calculate come from the wind. Therefore, the load-bearing structure of the cap is very robust. But since the cap must be able to be rotated by one single person, the cover of the cap, which only has a weather-protecting function, has a light-weight construction (Granberg, 2008, chapter 7, p. 2). Figure 40: Boat cap and cupola cap. COMPONENTS INSIDE THE CAP The breast beam is a strong oak beam in the very front of the cap. In the front, it has a circular shape, to match the shape of the cap. The function of the breast beam is to minimize the loads on the wind shaft that acts on its weakest point, called the neck. The thrust block is also made of oak and is partially recessed into the breast beam. It is needed at larger windmills to give the wind shaft the right slope. The weather house is a wooden box covered with roofing felt in the front of the cap, and protects parts of the wind shaft outside the cap. Inside the weather house, a trill of wood is mounted onto the wind shaft and has an effective function as a weather barrier. The water that penetrates the gap between the wind shaft and the weather house follows the shaft up to the rotating trill, where it is thrown out by the centrifugal force (Granberg, 2008, chapter 7, p. 2). TO ROTATE THE CAP On the first smock mills that were built, the cap rested on a slide on the octagon. This means that the cap slides on this octagon when it is turned against the wind. On smaller windmills, the contact surfaces can be wood against wood or wood against iron, and on larger windmills the surfaces are iron against iron. In order to always keep the centre of the cap in the same place, that is in practice, the hole for the upright shaft, the cap is guided by wood that slid, or wheels that rolled, against the circular inner edge of the octagon. Lubricating the slide is important and this was initially done with sheep grease. The rotation is done by a tail pole, which is a multi- legged and rigid structure that extends from the cap and down to the ground or balcony, where the force to turn the cap should be applied. The design of the tail pole depends on the size of the windmill but also on windmill building traditions in the area. At the bottom of the tail pole is a capstan wheel, a special type of winch. When the cap is to be turned, a chain is fastened in rings that are anchored in the rock or in large buried stones around the windmill. During the 19th century, more and more iron factories were established, which began to manufacture various cast iron components for windmills. Of particular importance was the intervention of rotating the cap on cast iron segments with cogs and Figure 41: Components in the front of the cap. 43 44 BREAST BEAM (VÄDERBJÖRN) WEATHER HOUSE (VÄDERHUS) NECK (LÖP) NECK BEARING (LÖPSTEN) THRUST BLOCK (PUDA) TRILL (SKYDDSTRILLA) WIND SHAFT (VINGAXEL) grooves for small wheels, called roulette. This way of rotating the cap is called wreath-turning (sv. kransvridning), as the cast iron segment with cogs looks like a wreath. A windmill with wreath-turning can be rotated in three different ways, external turning from the stage outside the cap, internal turning, where the turning device is inside the cap, and self-turning, where a fan tail automatically turn the wings against the wind. This is the last step in the technical development of the cap’s rotation. The fan tail is sitting high up behind the cap and is perpendicular to the wings. When the wind blows straight toward the wings, the fan tail stands still, and as the wind changes direction, the fan tail begins to work and get the Figure 43: Front and side view of a wing. wings straight against the wind. The worst thing that could happen to a miller, apart from fire, was that the cap tipped off or blew off the mill tower in a heavy storm. This could happen if the wind came from behind and the miller did not manage to turn the wings against the wind quickly enough. The wreath-turned windmills were more sensitive than windmills with tail poles, where the tail poles became a type of counterweight to the wings. To prevent the cap from falling of the mill tower, locking devices in form of wheels or hooks that run under the octagon has been mounted (Granberg, 2008, chapter 8, p. 2). WINGS While most parts of the windmill are well protected in the cap and the mill tower, the wings of the windmill are exposed to all weathers. They must work independently of the wind variations, withstand the force of storms without collapsing, and work just as well in summer heat as in winter cold. A windmill can be right-turned or left-turned. If the wings rotate clockwise, when seen from behind, the windmill is right-turned, and when the wings rotate counter-clockwise it is left-turned. Most windmills are right turned. It does not matter which way the wings rotate. The important thing is that the grooves in the millstones are placed in the right direction. The material of the wings had high demands on good quality. Oak is strong and durable but expensive and heavy. Larch has a good resistance against rot. Most wings have a combination of pine, oak, and larch on their different parts. It is not Figure 42: Tail pole, Riddaregården (author’s photo). common for wings to be impregnated. The old windmill builders thought that the timber was of such good quality that it was not needed. They said that good wood gets dry just as fast as it gets wet (Granberg, 2008, chapter 9, p. 2). DIMENSION OF THE WINGS The size of the wings is indicated in cubits, where 1 cubit = 0.5938 meters. The size of the wings is also used as a measurement of the size of the windmill itself. Smaller windmills usually have wings of 10-14 cubits, and larger ones usually have wings of 16-20 cubits. An estimation of the size of a wing can be made by using the following formula: CUBITS = 1.4 + 0.67 x NUMBER OF SAIL BARS In this way, you can calculate the wing size of old windmills by looking at photos of mills that do not exist today. (Granberg, 2008, chapter 9, p. 10). THE TWISTING OF THE WINGS The curve that is formed by the tips of the sail bars is called the twisting of the wing. A correct twist is required for the wing to utilize the maximum energy from the wind, and the sail must be in contact with the sail bars when the wing passes the mill tower. Otherwise, there may be turbulence that will cause fluttering sails. The total angle between inner and outer sail bar slightly differs between different windmill builders, but usually the angle is between 20- 30 degrees, where the angle between the inner sail bar and the plane of rotation is between -6 to -10 degrees, and between the outer sail bar and the plane of rotation is the angle +15 to +20 degrees. The positive numbers point out from the windmill and against the wind, and the negative numbers point with the wind and against the windmill (Granberg, 2008, chapter 9, p. 5). 4645 STOCK (BAKSADLING) WING BEAM (VINGBALK) SAIL WHIP (RIDKÄPP) SAIL BAR (HÄCKSKED) SWEEP (VINGTRÄ) SAIL BAR (HÄCKSKED) SWEEP (VINGTRÄ) FIXED SHUTTER (FAST STORMBRÄDA) REMOVABLE SHUTTER (AVTAGBAR STORMBRÄDA) WIND SHAFT (VINGAXEL) SAILS The sail is stretched out on the wing to capture the force of the wind. In the 19th century, the sails were made of home-woven linen cloth. The miller’s wife wove linen cloth on her own loom. From the 1920s, fabric for sails could be bought from weavers. On the edge of the sail, loops are sewn which are used to attach the sail to the wing. The sail can have a rectangular shape or be slightly oblique at the top, to easily be rolled up against the side. Both types were equally common, and the fact that an oblique sail leave a bigger part without coverage does not matter, since the wind power around the centre of the wing is negligible. Often, the millers had white sails during the summer and brown sails during the winter. The winter sails were impregnated to prevent ice, made from herring liquor, brown tar, and sheep grease. MACHINERY Most of the space in the windmill is occupied by gears and shafts. The transfer of power between the wings and the runner stone takes place via the following main elements that are shown in the diagram to the right. Most components are made of wood, and therefore large dimensions are required. The wings of the windmill usually have a speed between 16-20 rpm. This gives the runner stone a speed of 140-180 rpm. In addition to the speed, several other factors influence the grinding process, such as the diameter of the stone, the number of grooves in the stones, and the type of grain. The wind shaft must stand both great climatic and mechanical stresses. The shaft is about 5 meters long for a medium-sized mill, is measures 600-700 mm in a rectangular shape, and has a slope of 12-15 degrees, which is about the same angle as the mill tower’s angle. Tilting the shaft reduced the load on the front part of the shaft. On the wind shaft, the brake wheel is attached, which can have a diameter of more than two meters. The brake wheel has two tasks. First, it transmits the power of the wings’ rotation to the wallower. Second, it works together with the brake shoe as the brake of the wings. A large brake wheel creates a bigger friction surface towards the brake shoe, at the same time as the heat generation is reduced. The wallower has the greatest stress in the whole transmission chain due to its small dimension. Initially, wallowers were made entirely in oak, but during the early 1900s, parts of the wallower began to be manufactured in cast iron. The upright shaft is a vertical wooden Figure 44: The twist of a wing made for Borg’s windmill in Stora Mellby (Carlquist et al, 2019, p. 30). shaft in the centre of the mill tower and goes from the wallower and down to the stone floor. This shaft runs the great spur wheel. The great spur wheel dominates the space on the stone floor and measures almost 3 meters in diameter in some windmills. It is basically constructed in the same way as the brake wheel. The difference is that the cogs are radially oriented. Around the great spur wheel, smaller stone nuts are connected which, via vertical axes, drive a pair of mill stones each. The stone nuts are usually made of cast iron (Granberg, 2008, chapter 11, p. 3). MILL STONES The mill stone assembly consists of the lower fixed bed stone and the upper rotating running stone. The grain is put in the central hole of the running stones and then thrown out between the stone surfaces due to the centrifugal force. There, it is grained into animal feed or flour. The grooves in the stones are between 5-12 millimetres deep and go from the central hole to the edge of the mill stone. The grooves have two functions, they bring out the grain between the stones, and they bring cold air in between the stones. The radial transport of grain through the grooves and out towards the periphery is enhanced by the air flow from the central hole. The grooves can be both straight or curved clockwise or counter-clockwise depending on if the wings on the windmill are right-turned or left-turned. In right-turned windmills, the grooves are curved clockwise, which is most common. The grinding ability of the mill stones is based on the grooves on the running stone and the bed stone forming an angle with each other, just like scissors. With straight grooves, the cutting angle decreases further towards the periphery. If the grooves are kept bent, the cutting angle can be kept unchanged or increase. If the cutting angle increases towards the periphery, the mill stones’ ability to throw out the grain also increases, while the cutting capacity decreases. If the cutting angle towards the periphery decreases, the ejection of grain also decreases while the cutting capacity increases (Granberg, 2008, chapter 14, p. 2). Figure 45: Transmission of power through the windmill. WIND SHAFT BRAKE WHEEL WALLOWER UPRIGHT SHAFT GREAT SPUR WHEEL STONE NUT BED STONE RUNNING STONE 47 48 THE LIFE AS A MILLER TO BECOME A MILLER The miller’s career started with learning the work in either his father’s windmill or in another windmill in the area. It was also common to go away for a few years to practice elsewhere and gain some new experience. Thereafter, the miller was either given a windmill in inheritance, acquisition, or could rent a windmill in the area. In the early 1900s, renting a windmill was around SEK 500 per year (Granberg, 2008, chapter 15, p. 2). TO STUDY THE WEATHER As a miller, you had to understand the weather. The miller’s dwelling was often located close to the windmill, and on the way to the windmill, the miller felt the wind direction, saw how the sky looked like and decided how to turn the cap and how many sails that to put up (Granberg, 2008, chapter 15, p. 6). The wind differed between day and night and varied with the seasons. The east wind was the best and safest wind, but mostly the wind came from the west or south west. During winter, the wind was more stable than in the summer and therefore it was better to grind during the winter. A snowstorm was no obstacle for an experienced miller. Thunderstorms were dangerous in two ways. First, there could be completely unprepared strong wind shifts that broke the wings. Second, the lightning could hit the windmill so that it burned to the ground. There were also long periods without any wind at all, and the windmill could stand still for weeks. Many farmers became impatient and wanted to have the grain ground. When it then blew up again, the miller could run the windmill day and night for weeks, because then there were urgent times. If one of the mill stone pairs became hot, the miller just changed pair so that the other allowed to cool. The stones became hot if they worked too long. During unfavourable weather conditions with rain and falling temperatures, ice formation on the wings consequently generated a great load on the wings. If it became too much ice, the miller had to remove the ice with an axe (Granberg, 2008, chapter 15, p. 2). LOCATION OF THE MILL The location of the windmill was of great importance for its capacity and ability to exploit the winds. The best location was in a low terrain and in an open landscape. Forests, buildings, or a location on a high hill could interfere with air flow. In some cases, the problems became too big, and it was not uncommon that the miller moved his windmill (Granberg, 2008, chapter 15, p. 2). A MEETING PLACE After loading, the farmers gladly stayed for a while to have the opportunity to exchange big and small news with others who visited the windmill at the same time. The windmill was a meeting place and a centre of news. There was always someone who knew something new. INSIDE THE WINDMILL When the miller started a grinding process, he hit 150 kg in the bin which then gradually passed between the mill stones. The miller had a lot to keep in mind at the same time. He never walked, he ran. Inside the mill, he ran up and down the stairs to make sure everything that was running without any problems. When the stairs became too worn, the miller turned the stairs up-side- down so that it could be used a longer time. The miller was always in motion. He poured new grain, changed the sacks where the ready flour was poured, he checked of the wind, expedited customers, checked the grinding process, weight the sacks, lifted the sacks, marked the sacks, and again kept an eye on the weather (Granberg, 2008, chapter 16, p. 7). Sometimes, if the grooves in the stones were not deep enough and if the grain were damp, the stones could stick together, and were not possible to move at all. The mill stone assembly then had to be demolished, the running stone had to be lifted up so that the stones could be cleaned (Granberg, 2008, chapter 15, p. 6). As a miller, it was important to be concentrated all the time, to avoid that accidents happened. Working hours from 7am until midnight were common. The time before Christmas was a stressful time in the windmill. Then all the farmers wanted flour for their Christmas baking. In a small windmill with wings of 14 cubits, a miller could grind about 4,000-5,000 kg (40-50 sacks) of animal feed, or about 3,000-3.500 kg (30-35 sacks) during a normal workday with good wind (Granberg, 2008, chapter 17, p. 6). The farmers came to the mill at least once every two weeks. On the 15th of each month they received money for the milk from the dairy. Then they visited the shop and the windmill. The miller preferably wanted the farmers to come once a week, as it made it easier to plan the work (Granberg, 2008, chapter 16, p. 2). In ordinary cases, the grain was ground in the order that the farmers left it in the windmill. Whoever comes first to the mill gets the grain ground firs, as it is called. The farmers drove to the windmill with horse and carriage. Many horses were afraid to get close to the windmill, and it was not the rotating wings that they were most afraid of, but the shadows that they created. Sometimes, the miller had to stop the windmill for the horse to dare to come closer. New sacks of grain were lifted in the windmill and new sacks of flour and animal feed were loaded on the carriage (Granberg, 2008, chapter 16, p. 2). Figure 46: A stair has been turned upside-down and can be used for many more years (Granberg, 2008, chapter 6, p. 12). 5049 SACKS AND GRINDING BOOK A farmer usually came with 5-6 sacks per week. The weight of a sack was normally around 100 kg, but there were sacks that could weigh up to 175 kg. The sacks were made of linen and were often of very good quality and lasted a lifetime. The sacks were marked with the customer’s initials, so that the miller would keep track of which sacks that belonged to which farmer. Important information about the grinding, such as the weight of the sacks, was noted in the miller’s grinding book, so that he kept track of what the farmer should pay (Granberg, 2008, chapter 16, p. 4). PAYMENT As a payment for the work, the miller often took a certain quantity of the grain. Customs could be used by the miller himself or be sold. For the miller, this type of payment could be an advantage since then was sure to get paid. For the farmer, it could also be an advantage if he did not have enough cash. Customs were most commonly between 4-6 kg per 100 kg of grain. Flour was most expensive because it had to be ground twice (Granberg, 2008, chapter 16, p. 5. SOCIAL SITUATION In most cases, the financial situation of the miller was good, and thus also his social position. It happened that the miller was hired for various trust assignments in the area. The miller was considered to be more social and experienced than people in general because of his work of socializing with customers. In addition, he was familiar with the farmers economic conditions and therefore suitable for the various assignments. Moreover, if he was fair and service-minded to his customers, confidence in him increased. The miller always needed to have a good relationship with the farmers. Although it was natural for a farmer to drive to the nearest windmill, there was still some competition between the millers. Even if a miller had a lot to grind, it was rare that he referred the farmers to another windmill. He wanted to keep his customers for himself (Granberg, 2008, chapter 19, p. 2). WHEN THE WINDMILL STOOD STILL If the windmill run on a Sunday, the miller could be in a bad mood with the priest of the village. The priest could not prevent the miller from working on a regular Sunday, although some priests tried. The miller was careful to stop the windmill for burials, Christmas Day and New Year’s Day, and on the four praying Sundays the windmill would stand still (Granberg, 2008, chapter 19, p. 5). Figure 47: Section of a small smock mill (Granberg, 2008, chapter 6, p. 12). 51 STONE FLOOR (MALELOFT) MEAL FLOOR (BROLOFT) BIN FLOOR (FÖRLAGSLOFT) affects the generational change in the housing market (Lidköping municipality, 2013, p. 6). In a smaller municipality like Lidköping, the city and the countryside are dependent of each other. When one part grows and develops, it is also positive for the other part. The countryside has many functions in our society. It produces food, energy, water and building materials. The countryside can receive uncontaminated waste products that can return to the natural circular system. The countryside is a place for inhabitants and provides room for a larger population in the municipality. The rural villages also provide opportunities for a location of companies and infrastructure, and with good communications, these are the places where the city can expand. The countryside is also an important place for recreation and tourist industry, a base for biodiversity, and it has an important educational significance for our cultural history. In the municipality of Lidköping, most of the countryside is within 15-25 minutes travel time from the city centre. With such short distances and with good communications, the countryside can be seen like neighbourhoods of the city. Both countryside and city would gain a lot by blurring the boundary between them (Lidköping municipality, 2013, p. 16). TOURISM The countryside can be seen as a brand that needs care and to be marketed. A good environment with a variety of visitor destinations and attractions of different characteristics, restaurants and cafés attract visitors. The rural attractiveness increases if it is made available and accessible to visitors. Highlighted hiking and bicycle trails increase the value of attraction, even shorter hiking trails of 3-5 km are attractive both for tourists and for the residents in the area, outdoor swimming along the shores of lake Vänern, and local museums can be found in several places in the countryside of Lidköping. Both watermills and windmills are possible to visit, and old, abandoned industrial environments are destinations that have gained increased interest. Tourists and local visitors are opportunities of income for businesses in the countryside. Tourists staying overnight are especially valuable. Offering accommodation extends the time the tourists stay in the area (Lidköping municipality, 2013, p. 14). According to both Carolina Hellström, destination developer at Destination Läckö-Kinnekulle, and Malin Olsson Lundqvist, rural developer at Lidköping municipality, there is a huge lack of overnight beds throughout the whole municipality. The demand for accommodation is biggest on Kållandsö where 400,000 tourists come every year. The lack of beds means that there are no opportunities for spontaneous accommodation if visitors wish to stay for another night. Today, about 25 private cottages are rented out to tourists in the municipality. They could be many more together with Bed & Breakfasts and camper areas. This applies not only to Kållandsö, but to the entire countryside in the municipality (Lidköping municipality, 2013, p.14). THE RURAL LIDKÖPING HISTORICAL CONTOUR OF THE LANDSCAPE The landscape of Västergötland looks different today compared to the summer of 1742, when Pehr Kalm, an associate Professor from Åbo, travelled back and forth through Västergötland. He writes in his diary: “Windmills were found at most farms, from Flo and all the way up to Lidköping” (Carlquist et al, 2019, p. 24). What he saw in front of him were hundreds hollow-post mills, which was the dominating windmill type in this area. What today are the municipalities of Vänersborg, Grästorp and Lidköping had an abundance of these types of windmills. Today, very few of them remain. The post mills have completely disappeared from the landscape, except for those taken care of by local associations. However, in Lidköping, you can still find a handful of smock mills, such as the Pilebo windmill in Norra Kedum, which is the very last windmill in the area of a couple of square kilometres, that in the past had more than 30 windmills (Tengeland, 1963). RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF LIDKÖPING In 2015, approximately 12,200 people lived in rural areas outside of Lidköping. About 30% of these people lived in smaller villages, and the rest in the countryside. The number of jobs was about 3,000. The population increase between 2011 and 2015 has predominantly happened in the city of Lidköping. In the villages around the city, there has been a decrease in the population, while the population in the countryside has slightly increased. For rural development to evolve in a positive way, basic services such as preschools, schools and elderly care must be available. Infrastructure such as road networks, public transport, water and wastewater supply, electricity networks, and broadband are also important (Lidköping municipality, 2013, p. 5). A living countryside relies on young adults and families with children that can establish themselves there. Unfortunately, the housing market on the countryside is to some extent stagnated. Some explanations to this are that there is no varied housing market, with different forms of lease and different categories of accommodation. Banks are also restrictive in lending money for housing construction in rural areas. Finally, elderly want to stay in their homes as long as possible, which 25% 0-19 years 50% 30-65 years 25% 20-30 & 66< years Figure 48: Age distribution in rural Lidköping. 5453 REUSE INSTEAD OF DEMOLITION WASTE IN SWEDEN Demolition of building structures produces enormous amounts of materials that in most countries result in huge amounts of waste and a high demand of material for the new buildings replacing the old ones. Most parts of the demolition material usually become landfill. In general, more careful consideration of the priorities for disposal of materials from demolition and construction operations needs to be put into place to minimize both material production and the waste from demolition in building industry. According to the EU’s Waste Statistics Directive, the entire EU generates approximately 2.5 billion tonnes of waste each year. In Sweden, 142 million tonnes of waste were generated in 2016. Most of the generated waste, 77% (110 million tonnes) consisted of waste from the mining industry. Except for mining waste, about 1/3 of the waste produced in Sweden is generated by the construction and building sector, according to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Construction and demolition waste are waste from construction, renovation, rebuilding and demolition of buildings. The municipalities are not responsible for collecting or handling such waste. Businesses are responsible for managing their own non-household waste and some businesses have their own landfill sites at their disposal (Avfall Sverige AB, 2018, p. 44). THE DELFT LADDER In the Netherlands, the production of construction and demolition waste is about 15 million tonnes per year, which is an enormous amount for a small country like the Netherlands. In 1980 the Dutch government published an order for waste treatment called the Ladder of Lansink. This order was a fixed top-down approach, prevention, element reuse, material reuse, useful application, incineration with energy recovery, incineration, and landfill. But since 1980, more waste treatment options has been developed, and the Ladder of Lansink has been extended to new order that is not a fixed top-down order, but a more flexible order. This new tool is called the Delft Ladder, and three new options have been added. The new hierarchy is shown in figure 50. The Delft ladder serves as guidance for how waste should be treated to have the most beneficial effect for natural systems and to generate an as sustainable building industry as possible (Kowalczyk, 2000, p. 96). The second level in the ladder, construction reuse, is the focus of this thesis. CASE STUDY In the Netherlands, a report with the aim of finding strategies for new economic carriers for unused windmills was published in 2011. A case study was made on the Jan van Arkel windmill, located outside the village of Arkel in the southern part of the Netherlands. Jan van Arkel is a relatively spacious windmill close to an industrial area, which offers many good opportunities for a new economic carrier. The windmill’s original function was a grinding mill. It has a total of seven floors where the bottom three floors are suitable for other uses than as a windmill. The miller’s residence used to be in this space. The top four floors contain the interior machinery of the windmill. The windmill is temporarily shut down because of damage to the wings. The windmill is Figure 49: Sweden’s waste distribution in 2016 (adaptation of Avfall Sverige AB, 2018, p. 44). 1. PREVENTION 2. CONSTRUCTION REUSE 3. ELEMENT REUSE 4. MATERIAL REUSE 5. USEFUL APPLICATION 6. IMMOBILIZATION WITH USEFUL APPLICATION 7. IMMOBILIZATION 8. INCINERATION WITH ENERGY RECOVERY 9. INCINERATION 10. LANDFILL Le as t p re fe rre d M os t p re fe rre d FOCUS Figure 50: Adaptation of the Delft ladder. located along the Merwede canal on the border of an industrial area and is relatively easy accessed from the A15 highway. The following new functions were discussed in the report: - craft workshop - studio/gallery - office - bed and breakfast - housing The conclusion of the case study is that a combination of a housing in the lower part of the windmill with an adjacent office space is the most attractive form of using the Jan van Arkel and will generate the highest rental value. The 55 56 windmill itself would be a museum with annual happenings and event. It remains as a monument and is completely separated from the housing and the adjacent workspace (Tromp & Wimmers, 2011, p. 37). In this thesis, a similar calculation WHY WE LIKE OLD BUILDINGS Figure 51: Estimated calculations of the Pilebo windmill transformation costs and profit. BUILDINGS AND TIME Time is a topic that all buildings tell us about, and they want to remind us of the time that has passed, and about the people who have lived in the house. All architects want their buildings to tell stories. But what should they say? The modernist movement of architects especially wanted their buildings to talk about the future, and to make promises of technology, democracy, and science. Today, most of us probably agree on that sustainability is an important topic (Adelswärd, 2018, p. 45). Adelswärd (2018) means that getting into an old building is an act of presence that is in some way always bodily. But it can also be associated with another kind of presence, the presence of memory. A feeling of being here and there, both now and then, can be aroused, and the presence of now is enhanced by the time of the building. READING AN OLD BUILDING When entering an old timber framed building, there is much to take in. The arrangement and the size of the different components in the structure, the marks from the tools that have made the wood from a log to timber, the type of wood that has been used, how the components are jointed together, and how it has been modified over time with new structures and replacement of components. An overwhelming feeling hits the visitor and the fascination of the impressive structures makes you want to stay and explore the building from every angle. Even in the simplest buildings, there is always something to explore. Every mark from the carpenter’s axe can be seen on the hand-hewn log and the marks make the unique fingerprint of the structure (Sobon, 2019, p. 124). If more people knew how much effort and time it takes to make one single timber component, there would certainly be other ways of thinking in the society and we will start to value existing buildings in another way than we do today. In most modern buildings, the structure is hidden be-hind walls and ceiling with flat surfaces. Designers can trick our minds with ceilings that look like they are floating, windows that wrap around the corners and wide-open spaces with no visible support. The occupants of the building do not have a clue what type of structure the building is made of. Figure 52: Calculations and notes on a beam in the Pilebo windmill (photographer Annie Hyrefeldt). 5857 ESTIMATED COSTS RENOVATION/TRANSFORMATION (VAT included) Infrastructure (road, parking, water, sewage, electricity) SEK 330,000 Carpentering (2 people, 4 months) SEK 1,200,000 Facade (sheet metal shingles) SEK 260,000 20 windows SEK 45,000 Scaffolding SEK 100,000 Electricity/plumbing SEK 500,000 Kitchens/toilet/bathroom SEK 300,000 Total cost SEK 2,600,000 ESTIMATED COST FOR NEW WINGS (VAT included) 4 wings SEK 290,000 Wind shaft (made of oak) SEK 190,000 Brake wheel (modern transmission) SEK 125,000 Turning device SEK 140,000 Other costs SEK 40,000 Total cost SEK 785,000 ESTIMATED INCOME AND FIXED COSTS PER YEAR Income tourist accommodation (SEK 1500/night, 4 months) SEK 180,000 Income cafe rents SEK 20,000 Interest (2% of SEK 3,000,000) SEK -60,000 Fixed costs (heat, electricity, insurance, maintenance costs) SEK -60,000 Total profit SEK 80,000 (An engine/generator is installed to drive the wings or vice versa, to generate power from the wind) has been made for the Pilebo windmill and its new potential functions. Since the windmills are different both in terms of location and purpose, the calculations are adapted to the Pilebo windmill’s prerequisites. Even though many people live in such buildings, they are usually happier when they can see the bones of a building. They can see a pillar where there should be a pillar and a beam where there should be a beam. They can be sure that the structure is there to protect them. No brain likes to be tricked, and a timber structure is as honest as something can get (Sobon, 2019, p. 245). CONNECTION TO NATURE In nature, nothing is static, and things are always changing. The trees are growing, flowers bloom and wither, the weather and the seasons change, and people grow older. The same goes with buildings. Over time, the wooden frame turns grey and the façade gets more and more frayed and worn by the weather. (Sobon, 2019, p. 153). In this way, we get a connection to the building, and a feeling that it has a soul just like us. When building with materials that were once alive, we are connected to the natural world. We are made from nature and when we are surrounded by it, we feel good (Sobon, 2019, p. 245). Mattias Hallgren (personal communication, February 11, 2020) claims that humans have always had nature as a role model, and nature is not sharp and accurate. It is soft and skewed and not perfectly shaped, just like an old building. That is why we like them. TRANSFORMATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MEMORIES BY THE SENSES In most descriptions about the impressions a building makes on our memory, what it tells and what significance it has, the interpretation of the eyes takes precedence (Adelswärd, 2018, p. 110). But the memory of a building is so much more than just the sight of the eyes, it is embedded in the whole body, the hands, the ears, and the nose. Adelswärd (2018) argues that the memory of an old building is especially when using senses like touch, hearing and scent, and that the building speaks to us through a multi-sensory experience. This means that we feel more in old buildings compared to new ones, as they give us this enhanced experience with several layers. In the Pilebo windmill, we smell the old wood. We drag our hand along the huge logs and feel every mark from the axe that made them into timber. Here and there, the movement of the hand is stopped by a rusty nail that previously has been used as a hanger, maybe for hanging tools or sacks. While walking up the stairs we feel the unevenness of the steps under the feet after all the thousands of times that the miller has run up and down the windmill. The railing is so worn and smooth that we do not want to let it go once you are up on the next floor. The higher up we get, we can clearly hear how the wind grabs the building. There is constantly a buzzing sound through the building. The sound of nature and building are woven together. PREVENT RURAL DECAY Buildings have the right to be treated with respect. It is not about turning the building into something that it does not want to be, or about giving it a complete beauty surgery. It is rather about giving the building a careful preservation so that it can remain at its place and be a part of an understandable context. For many buildings in the countryside, the journey towards total decay or deletion has already started, or even reached its end. Most people who see an old, abandoned building in decay feel that they are witnessing something sad and disrespectful (Adelswärd, 2018, p. 134). To see the total decay of a small cottage in the woods that throughout the 19th and the first half of the 20th century has been a warm and protecting home for a growing family, or a barn with an impressive timber construction that housed animals, machines and tools to run a whole farm, or, in our case, a windmill that provided flour and animal feed for the rural farmers and has been a meeting place and central point in the area, is just heart breaking. By transforming an architectural heritage building in a respectful way and give it a new function that what is once was aimed for will prevent the building from decay and make it survive for a longer time. DESIGN WITH THE EXISTING Usually, when approaching a building from the outside, some of the information on the building can give a clue of what the inside can look like, such as position in the landscape,