1 Corner Factory Revisiting Urban Manufacturing Simon Nilsson Chalmers Architecture Spring 2016 1 Master's Thesis Chalmers University of Technology Department of Architecture MPARC - Architecture & Urban Design Material Turn studio Spring 2016 Title Corner Factory Revisiting Urban Manufacturing Author Simon Nilsson www.simonnilsson.nu Supervisor Daniel Norell Examiner Jonas Lundberg 2 Abstract This thesis reimagines the form, function and place of the factory. The factory of today is typically a flat, expandable and cheap ‘shed’, almost always placed in a monofunctional industrial zone. Manufacturing is dispersed and obscure, overlooked by a paradigm of ’mixed-use’ densification. The reasons for this separation seems dubious in a rapidly changing industrial landscape. New fabrication flows, disruptive technologies and a changing workforce looks supportive of revisiting the original factory condition: urban and compact, in close proximity to workers and resources. Factory architecture has often been a blunt reflection of technological and societal conditions - how could a contemporary urban factory likewise reflect ongoing shifts? There is a tradition of ‘spectacle’ in factory architecture, where industrial workings are manifested extrovertly. In this vein, what aspects of new vertical production processes could be utilised for visual effect? On a city-block corner in a central development area of Gothenburg, a high-rise (22x22x49m) factory is conceived. Tailored towards the high-tech sector on a hotel model and ready to accommodate ‘Industry 4.0’, the facility utilises a smart logistical core for handling the vertical flow problem. Promoting exposure of automated equipment, constant activity is provided to its surroundings. Employing this proposal as critical device, the potential of industrial presence to contribute to a cityscape is investigated and further debate hopefully provoked. 3 Abstract 2 Contents 3 Design 4 Aim 4 Method 4 Questions 4 Themes 5 Form, place and spectacle 7 Typological evolution chart 11 Discriminating paradigms 13 The fourth revolution 15 Work and play 17 Process 19 Criteria 19 Conceptual collages 21 Future context 24 Development analysis 27 Logistics 29 Morphology 30 Use 31 Users 32 Program 33 Process flow studies 35 Flow chart 37 Vertical flow problem 38 Direct input/output system 39 Automated storage/retrieval system 40 Machinery 41 Space-making equipment 42 Core placement 43 Core development 45 Structure 47 Facade 51 Contents Proposal 53 Exhibition 53 Model 54 Views 57 Drawings 61 Axonometric 62 Detail section 63 Section 65 Elevation 66 Plans 67 References 73 4 Design Aim The aim of this thesis is to challenge the virtual absence of manufacturing in discussions regarding urban planning, and to explore what current shifts might mean for factory architecture. Method This is to be achieved by investigating future manufacturing space through a visionary factory proposal that provokes further discussion. Questions Factory architecture has often been a blunt reflection of technological and societal conditions - how could a contemporary urban factory likewise reflect ongoing shifts? There is a tradition of ‘spectacle’ in factory architecture, where industrial workings are manifested extrovertly. In this vein, what aspects of new vertical production processes could be utilised for visual effect? 5 6 OPPOSITE: TAHOE-RENO INDUSTRIAL PARK (BING MAPS 2016) Factories, being pragmatic enclosures for the making of things, have perhaps faster than any other building typology adapted to new conditions. Guided by the hand of market capitalism, their architecture has closely followed changing technological, economical and societal conditions. Recurring industrial revolutions have radically transformed the form, function and place of factories over the years. This master’s thesis is exploring several themes found in the growing space between the current state of factories and an ongoing transformation of manufacturing. Themes 7 Form, place and spectacle Manufacturing is today dispersed and global, typically located in industrial districts sorely lacking in urban qualities. Found at the outskirts of cities, no matter the country, these production zones all look similar. They are sprawling fields made up of ‘sheds’ - rudimentary steel halls, cheapy erected and easily expanded, the simplest possible shell for sheltering a production process. Or in effect, the very antithesis of the vertical city-factory. Historically, multi-storey factories has often been found in dense city environments, in proximity of workers and resources. The cotton mills of Victorian England was for all their flaws as workplaces a very vital urban phenomenon, and supreme drivers of urbanisation itself. Embracing technology and rationalism, the early 20th century factory was an instrumental mover of Modernism itself, through buildings such as the AEG turbine factory (Behrens, 1910) or the Fagus Factory (Gropius & Meyer, 1913). A few years later, the spectacular was introduced in factory 1. MARINETTI, SOMENZI, MAZZONI. (1934) FUTURIST MANIFESTO OF AERIAL ARCHITECTURE 2. BRUNNSTRÖM, L. (1990) THE RATIONAL FACTORY : ON THE ROOTS OF FUNCTIONALIST ARCHITECTURE (SWEDISH EDITION) ‘Industry, overwhelming us like a flood which rolls on towards its destined ends...’ Le Corbusier, Toward an Architecture (1923) architecture by the enormous Fiat Lingotto plant in Turin (Giacomo Mattè-Trucco, 1923) With its crowning rooftop test track, signifying a new age through the symbolism of the car. At the time of its opening, it was something radically new, and was hailed by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti as the ‘first Futurist constructive invention’1 and by Le Corbusier as ‘one of the most impressive sights in industry’ and ‘a guideline for town planning’. Apart from this incredible gimmick, the Lingotto plant is modelled on the Ford Highland Park factory (Albert Kahn, 1910). In this facility, Ford was testing out his theories of utilising gravity through chutes and slides along the vertical production line winding across four floors. In the end, Highland Park was abandoned as Lingotto opened. The pragmatic Ford had simply faced up to the supremacy of horizontal flows for mass production2. The cotton mills had been compact and multi-storey for reasons of mechanical LINGOTTO PLANT IN 1928 (DGTMEDIA - SIMONE. CC 3.0) OPPOSITE: VAN NELLE FABRIEK (ARJANDB. CC-BY-SA-3.0-NL DESATURATED BY AUTHOR) 8 9 10 force transfer, and electrification initially did little to alter factory typology. But the advantages of laying out a spacious production line on a single floor soon became obvious. Opening a virtually self-sufficent car-making mini-city at River Rouge, a new template for large-scale manufacturing was established. ‘The most beautiful spectacle of the modern age’, again according to Le Corbusier, is the Van Nelle Fabriek (Brinkman & Van der Vlugt, 1931). Designated a world heritage in 2014, it brandishes the world’s first pre- fabricated curtain wall. Through this the factory’s contents was exposed like never before, and the machine aestethic truly came into its own through the constructivist bridges transporting goods into a logistics terminal. This super-transparency has a modern counterpart in the Gläserne Manufaktur of Volkswagen in Dresden (Günther Henn, 2002), which is meant to represent the company’s values (rather ironical in light of the 2015 emissions scandal). While a practical, operational facility and not a showroom, this factory is still the public ‘face’ of VW production, being both building and ongoing PR campaign. This communications strategy is common among premium OPPOSITE: STARETT-LEHIGH BLDG (AUTHOR 2014) TESLA FREMONT FACILITY (CHRISHMT0423 CC 2.0) car manufacturers, with the BMW plant in Leipzig being especially noteworthy. Through a central section designed by Zaha Hadid, car chassis are conveyed through the management and administration facilities, blurring the division of labor in a celebration of speed and movement reminiscent of Lingotto. With super-block structures such as the Starett-Lehigh building on Manhattan (Cory & Cory, 1931) urban manufacturing reached an all-time high of density and urbanity. However, during the postwar economic boom, factories started leaving cities according to the economical logic of that era. Cheap energy, transportation and labor pushed industry to similarly cheap locations. Today, as manufacturing conditions are rapidly changing, so are the fundaments of the location and form of certain facilities. Complementing the fields of sprawling sheds at our city outskirts, could an urban return of factories be plausible? The exuberant wonder of the first machine age have faded, but technology is marching on. What could these recent advances and following socioeconomic shifts imply for factory architecture? And what could a contemporary spectacle consist of? 11 The competition -- flat, straight-forward flows, flexible, expandable , cheap Total flexibility Expandability Production lineWorkshop flow Material flow concept - Central logistics core handling all flows 1940- Early 20th century Near future DIRECT INPUT / OUTPUT SYSTEM Gravity flow Chutes and lifts moving material and product Floor loops Processes and business separated on floors Production line Linear production throughout building The competition -- flat, straight-forward flows, flexible, expandable , cheap Total flexibility Expandability Production lineWorkshop flow Material flow concept - Central logistics core handling all flows 1940- Early 20th century Near future DIRECT INPUT / OUTPUT SYSTEM Gravity flow Chutes and lifts moving material and product Floor loops Processes and business separated on floors Production line Linear production throughout building GRAVITY FLOW CHUTES AND SLIDES MOVING MATERIAL FACTORY BY BEHRENS: ELEVATION OF TYPOLOGY CITY-BLOCK FACTORY VERTICAL LINE CONTINUOUS, LINEAR FLOW Public Relations AEG Turbinenfabrik, Berlin (1909) The urban factory as representative branding move A EG TURBINENFABRIK 18001400 1910 (4) 1910, HIGHLAND PARK: GRAVITATION FLOW EXPERIMENTS BY HENRY FORD(2) 1797, MURRAY’S MILLS: URBAN AND COMPACT (1) 1400’S, VENICE ARSENALE: CANAL PRODUCTION LINES IN FIRST FACTORY (5) 1923, FIAT LINGOTTO: FUTURISTIC TEST TRACK MANIFESTING NEW VALUES URBANISATION EXPERIMENTAL FACTORY ARCHITECTURE 1 2 3 4 6 (3) 1910, AEG TURBINENFABRIK: THE FACTORY RECOGNIZED AS ARCHITECTURE Typological evolution 5 (6) 1931, VAN NELLE FABRIEK: SUBLIME MACHINE AESTETHIC OPPOSITE: STARETT-LEHIGH BLDG (AUTHOR 2014) MODIFIED IMAGE SOURCES: BING MAPS 2016 12 CELEBRATING PRODUCT & PROCESS 7 FIAT THE ‘SHED’ APPEARS (9) 1934, BRICKEN BLDG: TALL MANUFACTURING LOFTS The competition -- flat, straight-forward flows, flexible, expandable , cheap Total flexibility Expandability Production lineWorkshop flow Material flow concept - Central logistics core handling all flows 1940- Early 20th century Near future DIRECT INPUT / OUTPUT SYSTEM Gravity flow Chutes and lifts moving material and product Floor loops Processes and business separated on floors Production line Linear production throughout building The competition -- flat, straight-forward flows, flexible, expandable , cheap Total flexibility Expandability Production lineWorkshop flow Material flow concept - Central logistics core handling all flows 1940- Early 20th century Near future DIRECT INPUT / OUTPUT SYSTEM Gravity flow Chutes and lifts moving material and product Floor loops Processes and business separated on floors Production line Linear production throughout building THE BRANDING PR FACTORY FLOOR LOOPS PROCESSES SEPARATED ACROSS FLOORS FLAT, FLEXIBLE AND EXPANDABLE FLOWS HORIZONTAL LINE 1940 2000 (10) 1980, FANUC MT FUJI: FULLY AUTOMATED PRODUCTION (8) 1933, STARETT-LEHIGH BLDG: INTEGRATED LOGISTIC TERMINAL (11) 2003, VW: CLEAN HIGH-TECH IN TRANSPARENT SHELL ‘ (7) 1933, RIVER ROUGE: FORD MOVES ON TO THE SHED MORPHOLOGY AGE OF SHEDS (6) 1931, VAN NELLE FABRIEK: SUBLIME MACHINE AESTETHIC NEAR FUTURE 9 8 10 11 13 Discriminating paradigms There seems to exist a paradigm stating that the cities of tomorrow needs to be denser, and urban areas more mixed in program, or diverse.3 In effect, this ‘diversity’ typically means combining residential, commercial and ‘public’ space at the scale of the block or building. With ‘public’ usually translating to consumtion of goods, services or culture, and offices producing information and ideas - always immaterial - a question might arise: why not consider including industry into this paradigm? Classic ‘more is more’ notions of urban diversity, such as the ‘ubiquitous principle’ forwarded by Jane Jacobs, seems supportive of this.4 In later works, Jacobs argues that urban heterogeneity ultimately is the source of economic productivity.5 Along these lines, urban studies theorist Richard Florida also argues that “diversity and creativity work together to power innovation and economic growth”. 6 As shown by Nina Rappaport in examples from New York7, urban clustering of production can allow for industrial symbiosis through sharing of resources, recycling of goods and energy. While the claims8 to an ‘industrial renaissance’ in the west seems overblown9,10, the locally manufactured is enjoying an increasing attractiveness. Certain smaller businesses employing skilled city-dwellers have no viable alternative habitat other than the city, where the flow of people and ideas are at its most intense. The potential of an diverse cityscape for both economical and sensory stimulation is well established, but the potential of manufacturing to contribute to this appears ‘...we are witnessing the end of the machine age - at least on the level of the collective imaginary.’ Vittorio Gregotti, Architecture - Means and Ends (2010) Labor division Increased living standard Mass-produced standard product Population boom (Urbanization) Purchasing power Pollution Capitalism Early Factory CityWorker Industry Policy / market Unskilled labor GWP boom Zoning codes Mixed-use qualities Fordism Taylorism Establishment EXCHANGES, EARLY FACTORY 3. PISKORZ, W., GOULET, R. CITIES OF TOMORROW: CHALLENGES, VISIONS, WAYS FORWARD. BRUSSELS: EC 4. JACOBS, J (1961) DEATH AND LIFE OF GREAT AMERICAN CITIES 5. FAINSTEIN, S. (2005) CITIES AND DIVERSITY. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 6. FLORIDA (2002) THE RISE OF THE CREATIVE CLASS-REVISITED: REVISED AND EXPANDED 7. RAPAPORT, N. VERTICAL URBAN FACTORY 8.SIRKIN ET AL. (2011) MADE IN AMERICA, AGAIN: WHY MANUFACTURING WILL RETURN TO THE U.S. 9. NAGER, A, AND ATKINSON, R. (2015) THE MYTH OF AMERICA’S MANUFACTURING RENAISSANCE: THE REAL STATE OF U.S. MANUFACTURING. 10. HEYMANN, R., VETTER, S. (2013) EUROPE’S RE-INDUSTRIALISATION: THE GULF BETWEEN ASPIRATION AND REALITY. 14 otherness, this thesis argues that the mere addition of another sector to our urban spaces is beneficial through its diversifying effect, primarily social and visual. Bringing the factory worker out of the anemic industrial district and into the central city would certainly serve to widen the cross- section of people using those urban spaces. Perhaps more interestingly, introducing a prominent factory on the corner of a shopping street, in a restaurant area or a central business district could provide an unexpected and intriguing break in an all too familiar and predictable rhythm. In regard to ‘diversity’, it is this potential for visual spectacle that this thesis focuses on. largely unexplored. There are of course many causes of the current spatial organisation of industry. Part of the reasons for the absence of manufacturing in discussions on densification is likely to be the connotations carried by the word ‘industry’, evoking images of heavy transport, loud and emissive machinery, if not belching chimneys. While this was once often the case, manufacturing has become cleaner, quieter and more compact. Final assembly of the Volkswagen Phaeton is carried out on wooden floors in what is basically museum spaces. Certain small-scale manufacturing can be carried out in what is essentially office spaces, completely inoffensive as neighbours. Whether or not urban industry is brandishing its CityWorker Industry Policy / market Local skill & innovation Attractive urban workplace Manufacturing base Network exchanges Consumer Awareness Print Job Incentives Mass- customised quality product Densification ‘Instant’ delivery Relocation Reindustrialisation Spectacle Future Factory EXCHANGES, FUTURE FACTORY 15 The fourth revolution While the very tangible machine age of Le Corbusier’s enthusiastic l’Esprit Nouveau may be over, as argued by Vittorio Gregotti11, today’s machines is busier than ever. But industrial output and employment have ‘decoupled’, in the words of Erik Brynjolfsson.12 The digital age generates ‘winner-takes-all-markets’ contributing to the trend of return on capital outpacing growth, famously observed by Thomas Piketty13. Productivity and wages are no longer correlated. Economists like Paul Krugman are acknowledging looming long-term technological unemployment, feared since antiquity, with ‘sympathy for the luddites’14. The executive summaries on emerging technologies concur: this time is different. There is certainly no shortage of potentially disruptive technologies, and increasingly automated and data-intensive manufacturing will likely replace traditional manufacturing as we know it today15. Joseph Schumpeter’s ‘creative destruction’ is sweeping away old manufacturing structures at an accelerating pace. A widely published study16 concludes that 47% of U.S jobs are at high risk in the next decade or two, especially in the manufacturing sector, with the process largely completed in the agricultural. There is of course nothing inherently bad about this shift, but the dystopian implications has tended to overshadow the utopian. Leftist accelerationists such as Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams are advocating an improved pace of this transformation and destruction of jobs. Arguing the repurposing of technology for socially beneficial and emancipatory ends, their manifesto demands ‘fully automated luxury communism’, 17 a system where man is liberated by a largely automated infrastructure. Distribution of U.S labor force by sector 1850-2010 U.S industrial output and employed, 2000-2014 U.S industrial output and employed, 1945-2015 1850 2000 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 IN DE X EM PLOYED OUTPUT EM PL O YE D SERVICES INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE CRASHING MASSIVE FISCAL SUPPORT & QE CONTINUOUS OFF-SHORING “RENAISSANCE” OR NOT? 12.3 MILLION 102.5 19.5 MILLION (1977) OIL CRISIS SIGNIFICANCE? URBANISATION WWII CRISIS! $1.94 TRILLION 90 85 95 100 105 110 12 10 14 16 18 20 2008 2012 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1900 20001950 M ILLIO N S EM PLO YED IN U .S M AN U FAC TU RIN G SEC TO R IN D U ST RI AL O U TP U T IN D EX (N AI C S) (2 01 2= 10 0) % O F LA BO R FO RC E Distribution of U.S labor force by sector 1850-2010 U.S industrial output and employed, 2000-2014 U.S industrial output and employed, 1945-2015 1850 2000 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 IN DE X EM PLOYED OUTPUT EM PL O YE D SERVICES INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE CRASHING MASSIVE FISCAL SUPPORT & QE CONTINUOUS OFF-SHORING “RENAISSANCE” OR NOT? 12.3 MILLION 102.5 19.5 MILLION (1977) OIL CRISIS SIGNIFICANCE? URBANISATION WWII CRISIS! $1.94 TRILLION 90 85 95 100 105 110 12 10 14 16 18 20 2008 2012 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1900 20001950 M ILLIO N S EM PLO YED IN U .S M AN U FAC TU RIN G SEC TO R IN D U ST RI AL O U TP U T IN D EX (N AI C S) (2 01 2= 10 0) % O F LA BO R FO RC E U.S INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AND EMPLOYED, 1945-2015 DISTRIBUTION OF U.S LABOR FORCE BY SECTOR, 1850-2010 WORLD GROSS PRODUCT (1990 INTL$) A S IA O T H E R S O F F S H O O T S (E G . U S ) E U R O P E 0 500 1000 1500 1770 20160 2016 Gross world product (1990 intl$) O ffshoots (eg. US) Europe O thers Asia 1000500 1500 1770 2014 $77 868 bn 1800 $175 bn 2014: $77’868B N 1800: $175BN Distribution of U.S labor force by sector 1850-2010 U.S industrial output and employed, 2000-2014 U.S industrial output and employed, 1945-2015 1850 2000 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 IN DE X EM PLOYED OUTPUT EM PL O YE D SERVICES INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE CRASHING MASSIVE FISCAL SUPPORT & QE CONTINUOUS OFF-SHORING “RENAISSANCE” OR NOT? 12.3 MILLION 102.5 19.5 MILLION (1977) OIL CRISIS SIGNIFICANCE? URBANISATION WWII CRISIS! $1.94 TRILLION 90 85 95 100 105 110 12 10 14 16 18 20 2008 2012 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1900 20001950 M ILLIO N S EM PLO YED IN U .S M AN U FAC TU RIN G SEC TO R IN D U ST RI AL O U TP U T IN D EX (N AI C S) (2 01 2= 10 0) % O F LA BO R FO RC E U.S INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AND EMPLOYED, 2000-2014 ‘The goal of the future is full unemployment, so we can play.’ Arthur C. Clarke 12. BRYNJOLFSSON, E., MCAFEE, A. (2014) THE SECOND MACHINE AGE. 13. PIKETTY, T. (2013) CAPITAL IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 14. KRUGMAN, P. (2013) SYMPATHY FOR THE LUDDITES 15. SHIPP, S., ET AL. (2012) EMERGING GLOBAL TRENDS IN ADVANCED MANUFACTURING 16. BENEDIKT FREY, C., OSBORNE, M., (2013) TECHNOLOGY AT WORK 17. SRNICEK, N, WILLIAMS, A. (2015) INVENTING THE FUTURE: POSTCAPITALISM AND A WORLD WITHOUT WORK 16 Globally outsourced supply chain Lean production core SUB-CONTRACTOR 1 MARKET PARENT FACILITY (FINAL ASSEMBLY) QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGING CUSTOMER CARE ORDER / DEMAND SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-CONTRACTOR 3 SUB-CONTRACTOR 2 SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-CONTRACTOR 4 SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR CHANGEOVER DOWNTIME TRANSPORT TRANSPORT STORAGE CUTTINGVALUE-ADDING WASTE WELDING DRILLING COATING ASSEMBLY LOCAL / REGIONAL GLOBAL PRODUCT PROCESSED ORDER CHEAP OCEAN CARGO EXECUTIVE MANUFACTURING PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION PRINT SHOP HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME MATERIALS MARKET Print shop - decentralized additive manufacturing Consumer-driven organization SCALE OF PRODUCTION RUN Additive Manufacturing vs conventional Mass Production Economies of scale Material and monetary processes Typical and desireable product flows ROUTINE CALCULATION, RECORD-KEEPING CUSTOMER SERVICE PICKING / SORTING REPETITIVE ASSEMBLY SUBSTANTIAL SUBSTITION FORMING / TESTING HYPOTHESES MEDICAL / LEGAL DIAGNOSIS COMPLEMENTARY JANITORIAL SERVICES CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS STRONG COMPLEMENTARYSUBSTANTIAL SUBSTITION COGNITIVE MANUAL NON-ROUTINE EARLY AM TOMORROW’S AM CONVENTIONAL MASS PRODUCTION MATERIAL EXTRACTION PROCESSING OUTSOURCING ASSEMBLY USEREPAIR END OF LIFE WASTE MANUFACTURING NATURE CONSUMERWORKER MATERIAL MONETARY LABOR Production calibration Improvement philosophies ASSESS PROBLEM MEASURE DESIGN TAYLORISM - SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT, TOP-DOWN PLAN DEPT. WORKER EXECUTES DESIGN SPOTTING POTENTIAL TOYOTA LEAN - WORKER-DRIVEN, “KAIZEN”IMPLEMENT EVALUATE ADJUST TODAY’S AM CURRENT BREAK-EVEN POINT U N IT C O ST PARTS PER SYSTEM LINE FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM JOB SHOP / AM FEW MANY Productivity vs Flexiblility PR O D U C TI VI TY H IG H LO W WAGE WASTEMATERIAL FINANCE CAPITAL INTEREST PRICE PRODUCT AUTOMATION POTENTIAL (AUTOR ET AL, 2003) ECONOMIES OF SCALE: ADDITIVE VS CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTIVITY VS FLEXIBILITY Globally outsourced supply chain Lean production core SUB-CONTRACTOR 1 MARKET PARENT FACILITY (FINAL ASSEMBLY) QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGING CUSTOMER CARE ORDER / DEMAND SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-CONTRACTOR 3 SUB-CONTRACTOR 2 SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-CONTRACTOR 4 SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR CHANGEOVER DOWNTIME TRANSPORT TRANSPORT STORAGE CUTTINGVALUE-ADDING WASTE WELDING DRILLING COATING ASSEMBLY LOCAL / REGIONAL GLOBAL PRODUCT PROCESSED ORDER CHEAP OCEAN CARGO EXECUTIVE MANUFACTURING PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION PRINT SHOP HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME MATERIALS MARKET Print shop - decentralized additive manufacturing Consumer-driven organization SCALE OF PRODUCTION RUN Additive Manufacturing vs conventional Mass Production Economies of scale Material and monetary processes Typical and desireable product flows ROUTINE CALCULATION, RECORD-KEEPING CUSTOMER SERVICE PICKING / SORTING REPETITIVE ASSEMBLY SUBSTANTIAL SUBSTITION FORMING / TESTING HYPOTHESES MEDICAL / LEGAL DIAGNOSIS COMPLEMENTARY JANITORIAL SERVICES CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS STRONG COMPLEMENTARYSUBSTANTIAL SUBSTITION COGNITIVE MANUAL NON-ROUTINE EARLY AM TOMORROW’S AM CONVENTIONAL MASS PRODUCTION MATERIAL EXTRACTION PROCESSING OUTSOURCING ASSEMBLY USEREPAIR END OF LIFE WASTE MANUFACTURING NATURE CONSUMERWORKER MATERIAL MONETARY LABOR Production calibration Improvement philosophies ASSESS PROBLEM MEASURE DESIGN TAYLORISM - SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT, TOP-DOWN PLAN DEPT. WORKER EXECUTES DESIGN SPOTTING POTENTIAL TOYOTA LEAN - WORKER-DRIVEN, “KAIZEN”IMPLEMENT EVALUATE ADJUST TODAY’S AM CURRENT BREAK-EVEN POINT U N IT C O ST PARTS PER SYSTEM LINE FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM JOB SHOP / AM FEW MANY Productivity vs Flexiblility PR O D U C TI VI TY H IG H LO W WAGE WASTEMATERIAL FINANCE CAPITAL INTEREST PRICE PRODUCT Globally outsourced supply chain Lean production core SUB-CONTRACTOR 1 MARKET PARENT FACILITY (FINAL ASSEMBLY) QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGING CUSTOMER CARE ORDER / DEMAND SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-CONTRACTOR 3 SUB-CONTRACTOR 2 SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-CONTRACTOR 4 SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR CHANGEOVER DOWNTIME TRANSPORT TRANSPORT STORAGE CUTTINGVALUE-ADDING WASTE WELDING DRILLING COATING ASSEMBLY LOCAL / REGIONAL GLOBAL PRODUCT PROCESSED ORDER CHEAP OCEAN CARGO EXECUTIVE MANUFACTURING PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION PRINT SHOP HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME MATERIALS MARKET Print shop - decentralized additive manufacturing Consumer-driven organization SCALE OF PRODUCTION RUN Additive Manufacturing vs conventional Mass Production Economies of scale Material and monetary processes Typical and desireable product flows ROUTINE CALCULATION, RECORD-KEEPING CUSTOMER SERVICE PICKING / SORTING REPETITIVE ASSEMBLY SUBSTANTIAL SUBSTITION FORMING / TESTING HYPOTHESES MEDICAL / LEGAL DIAGNOSIS COMPLEMENTARY JANITORIAL SERVICES CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS STRONG COMPLEMENTARYSUBSTANTIAL SUBSTITION COGNITIVE MANUAL NON-ROUTINE EARLY AM TOMORROW’S AM CONVENTIONAL MASS PRODUCTION MATERIAL EXTRACTION PROCESSING OUTSOURCING ASSEMBLY USEREPAIR END OF LIFE WASTE MANUFACTURING NATURE CONSUMERWORKER MATERIAL MONETARY LABOR Production calibration Improvement philosophies ASSESS PROBLEM MEASURE DESIGN TAYLORISM - SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT, TOP-DOWN PLAN DEPT. WORKER EXECUTES DESIGN SPOTTING POTENTIAL TOYOTA LEAN - WORKER-DRIVEN, “KAIZEN”IMPLEMENT EVALUATE ADJUST TODAY’S AM CURRENT BREAK-EVEN POINT U N IT C O ST PARTS PER SYSTEM LINE FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM JOB SHOP / AM FEW MANY Productivity vs Flexiblility PR O D U C TI VI TY H IG H LO W WAGE WASTEMATERIAL FINANCE CAPITAL INTEREST PRICE PRODUCT Such a system seems to imply centrally organised manufacturing. On the other end, praising decentralization, former Wired editor Chris Anderson stresses the revolutionary potential of the ‘Maker Movement’ to serve the ‘long tail’ of demand through mass customization.18 Open-source soft- and hardware and decentralization of manufacturing could complement Marx’s ‘owning’ with ‘renting’ in a democratizing way, putting the means of production in the hands of the consumers. Indeed, consumer-oriented 3D printing service bureaus is becoming more and more accessible, and industrial ‘print shops’ are contributing further to the atomisation of the manufacturing supply chain. This move from large, self-sufficient enterprises to networks of smaller actors is likely to be boosted by autonomous transport, especially by air. Speculating on the future of logistics, architect Sam Jacobs references the spatial networks of contemporary battlefields, describing the future ‘smart city’ as an ‘automation and regulation of flow’ with ‘devices, machines, buildings, infrastructure in constant information-jabber aimed at optimised efficiency’.19 During the fourth industrial revolution, it appears the city itself is increasingly turning into manufacturing infrastructure. As manufacturers move from specialized equipment to generic platforms, the factory becomes more universal and reconfigurable. In the more distant future, taken to its ultimate conclusion, this would imply that only 3D printers and robots are needed, besides the occasional human. Factories would be platforms themselves, only distinguished by the scale of equipment. Rapid changeovers would provide total flexibility and scalability. Trucks produced one week, helicopters the next. This is not the scenario for the Corner Factory, set in a much closer future. Globally outsourced supply chain Lean production core SUB-CONTRACTOR 1 MARKET PARENT FACILITY (FINAL ASSEMBLY) QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGING CUSTOMER CARE ORDER / DEMAND SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-CONTRACTOR 3 SUB-CONTRACTOR 2 SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-CONTRACTOR 4 SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR CHANGEOVER DOWNTIME TRANSPORT TRANSPORT STORAGE CUTTINGVALUE-ADDING WASTE WELDING DRILLING COATING ASSEMBLY LOCAL / REGIONAL GLOBAL PRODUCT PROCESSED ORDER CHEAP OCEAN CARGO EXECUTIVE MANUFACTURING PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION PRINT SHOP HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME HOME MATERIALS MARKET Print shop - decentralized additive manufacturing Consumer-driven organization SCALE OF PRODUCTION RUN Additive Manufacturing vs conventional Mass Production Economies of scale Material and monetary processes Typical and desireable product flows ROUTINE CALCULATION, RECORD-KEEPING CUSTOMER SERVICE PICKING / SORTING REPETITIVE ASSEMBLY SUBSTANTIAL SUBSTITION FORMING / TESTING HYPOTHESES MEDICAL / LEGAL DIAGNOSIS COMPLEMENTARY JANITORIAL SERVICES CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS STRONG COMPLEMENTARYSUBSTANTIAL SUBSTITION COGNITIVE MANUAL NON-ROUTINE EARLY AM TOMORROW’S AM CONVENTIONAL MASS PRODUCTION MATERIAL EXTRACTION PROCESSING OUTSOURCING ASSEMBLY USEREPAIR END OF LIFE WASTE MANUFACTURING NATURE CONSUMERWORKER MATERIAL MONETARY LABOR Production calibration Improvement philosophies ASSESS PROBLEM MEASURE DESIGN TAYLORISM - SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT, TOP-DOWN PLAN DEPT. WORKER EXECUTES DESIGN SPOTTING POTENTIAL TOYOTA LEAN - WORKER-DRIVEN, “KAIZEN”IMPLEMENT EVALUATE ADJUST TODAY’S AM CURRENT BREAK-EVEN POINT U N IT C O ST PARTS PER SYSTEM LINE FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM JOB SHOP / AM FEW MANY Productivity vs Flexiblility PR O D U C TI VI TY H IG H LO W WAGE WASTEMATERIAL FINANCE CAPITAL INTEREST PRICE PRODUCT PRINT SHOP MODEL 18. ANDERSON, C. (2012) MAKERS: THE NEW INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 19. JACOBS, S. (2015) MACHINES OF LOVING GRACE 17 21. ECONOMIC TIMES INDIA: CHINA SETS UP FIRST UNMANNED FACTORY; ALL PROCESSES ARE OPERATED BY ROBOTS 22. HARDENS, T. (2010) VILÉM FLUSSER AND TECHNICS − FROM HOMO FABER TO HOMO LUDEN Work and play As a ‘first step’ of the ‘robot replace human’ programme at Changying Precision, producing cell phone components, 90% of the human workforce was replaced with robots20. The result was a three-fold productivity increase with far higher accuracy. The remaining people merely control and monitor production. Is this supervisory role the human element in future factories? As the trend towards shorter product cycles and mass customization continues, the reprogramming of machines is one of the tasks that will require human input for a long time to come. The calibration and configuration of functions is probably the area where most factory work ‘on the floor’ will occur. This field could be described as ‘robot farming, where workers instruct increasingly dexterous ‘cobots’ - collaborative robots - like animals on a farm. When numeric, this programming was time-consuming and required a high level of expertise. With a new breed of anthropomorphic machines like ReThink’s Baxter, ABB’s YuMi or KUKA’s IIWA, the input can be haptic, with human instructors physically guiding the robot ‘hand’ to record a motion. These machines are basically harmless and easily moved. It isn’t hard imagining their descendants learning a task by watching, or perhaps even being told what to do. Linking the physical factory with a digital environment manipulated by ‘factory workers’ through virtual reality is another possible interface for man through which to ‘farm’ robotic labor. Fordism is a thing of the past: tomorrow’s factory worker is likely to be well educated, live in a city and want personal self-fulfilment through his or her work. Commuting to a suburban industrial district, far removed from a variety of lunch spots, is unlikely to appeal to this individual. In a future such as the one imagined by Srnicek and Williams, where most dull and monotonous tasks are automated, some of what still classifies as ‘work’ could be highly advanced forms of playful instruction of machines. This machine ‘teaching’ is anticipated by philosopher Vilém Flusser (1920-1991) in the essay Die Fabrik, where he presents a vision of the replacement of homo faber (making man) with homo ludens (playing man) in post-industrial society.21 Speculating on the resemblence of future factories to schools, his factory worker learns together with the apparatus, new programs being the outcome of ‘playful’ processes. TECHNOLOGICAL DISRUPTION MAJOR DESIGN CONSIDERATION LOGIC FACILITY PLACEMENT BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS FORCE MULTIPLIER SUPER- CHARGING INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT MECHANICAL FORCE TRANSFER FAVORING COMPACTNESS CLOSE TO WORKERS AND RESOURCES - IN CITIES COMPACT BRICK MILLS DRIVING URBANISATION MASS PRODUCTION-ENABLING DISPERSION OF WORKSTATIONS BUILDING TAYLORISM, PROJECTING IMAGE VERTICAL INTEGRATION MAKING SOME INDUSTRY SELF-SUFFICIENT COMPANY EXPRESSION, VERTICALITY, CONCRETE GRIDS ACCELERATING AUTOMATION BY IT AND ELECTRONICS AUTOMATION APPROACHING FULL POTENTIAL EASY EXPANSION, SPACIOUS HOUSING OF PRODUCTION LINE EFFICIENCY, NETWORKING, ADAPTABILITY, PUBLIC RELATIONS COMPLEX SUPPLY CHAINS DISPERSING MANUFACTURING FLAT FLOWS, EXPANDABLE, CHEAP, SHEET METAL HUMANS MAINLY WORK IN CITIES, ROBOTS ANYWHERE OBJECTIVE LOCATION SHIFT FACTORY STEAM POWER #1, ~1770 REVOLUTIONS POWER DISTRIBUTION CITY MULTI-STOREY #2, ~1890 ELECTRIFICATION MASS PRODUCTION CITY / ZONE MIXED DIGITALISM #3, ~1970 FLEXIBILITY ZONE SHED AI, AM, IOT ETC #4, ONGOING INDUSTRY 4.0 CITY / ZONE MIXED COMPACT, URBAN FACTORIES ARE FEASIBLE AND DESIREABLE 18 Self-suf�ciency Cheap overseas labor Cheap land Preconceptions Car-based planning Taylorism FordismBulky Fossible Noisy Rigid Dirty Cheap overseas pollution “Polluting eye-sores” Heavy transport Globalization Consumism Just-in-time Meeting enabling Close to customer Industrial Symbiosis Drones Densi- Fication Renindustrialisation Education Maker Movement Consumer Awareness Wider Diversity Paradigm Recruiting skilled city- dwellersPR Value R&D Manufacturing base value Labor cost share drop Deep learning Clean Flexible Mass custom Accessible & democratizing User-friendly Compact Spacious assembly line Easy expansion Ocean cargo Modernistic function separation Vertical City-Factory Sprawling Sheds Technology Logistics Theory Technology Economy Arrive Start here Economy Current state Theory Logistics Can do better THESIS / ARGUMENT: RETURN OF THE URBAN FACTORY 19 Future factories will of course come in many forms, scales and places. Likewise, the design proposal was naturally never supposed to be an exhaustive physical summary of this vast field. Instead, the aim was rather the translating of fairly abstract aspects into a specific vehicle for an idea, or thesis: the return of the vertical urban factory. Evoking images of the local, accessible and urban, the project title chosen for this facility was Corner Factory. Process OPPOSITE: STUDY MODELS Criteria Five points or key issues for this specific future factory were identified and outlined in the bullet points below. Transparent & exciting The urban factory celebrates manufacturing itself, advertising its dazzling processes to an general public. Accessible & empowering Enabling curious consumers to become fabricators, the urban factory manufactures entrepreneurs. Clean & Silent Used by light industry employing the latest technologies, the urban factory is an agreeable neighbour. Compact & Vertical In marked contrast to its sprawling suburban peers, the urban factory increases city density by verticality. Human Presence The urban factory cannot be a lights-out robotic operation - it is justified by human presence. Human The Corner Factory cannot be a lights-out robotic operation - it is justified by human presence. Transparent & exciting The urban factory celebrates manufacturing itself, advertising its dazzling processes to an general public. Accessible & empowering Enabling curious consumers to become fabricators, the urban factory manufactures entrepreneurs. Clean & Silent Used by light industry employing the latest technologies, the urban factory is an agreeable neighbour. Compact & Vertical In marked contrast to its sprawling suburban peers, the urban factory increases city density by verticality. Human Presence The urban factory cannot be a lights-out robotic operation - it is justified by human presence. Compact In marked contrast to its sprawling suburban peers, the Corner Factory increases city density by verticality. Transparent & exciting The urban factory celebrates manufacturing itself, advertising its dazzling processes to an general public. Accessible & empowering Enabling curious consumers to become fabricators, the urban factory manufactures entrepreneurs. Clean & Silent Used by light industry employing the latest technologies, the urban factory is an agreeable neighbour. Compact & Vertical In marked contrast to its sprawling suburban peers, the urban factory increases city density by verticality. Human Presence The urban factory cannot be a lights-out robotic operation - it is justified by human presence. Clean & Silent Used by light industry employing the latest technologies, the Corner Factory is an agreeable neighbour. Transparent & exciting The urban factory celebrates manufacturing itself, advertising its dazzling processes to an general public. Accessible & empowering Enabling curious consumers to become fabricators, the urban factory manufactures entrepreneurs. Clean & Silent Used by light industry employing the latest technologies, the urban factory is an agreeable neighbour. Compact & Vertical In marked contrast to its sprawling suburban peers, the urban factory increases city density by verticality. Human Presence The urban factory cannot be a lights-out robotic operation - it is justified by human presence. Accessible Enabling curious consumers to become fabricators, the Corner Factory manufactures entrepreneurs. Transparent & exciting The urban factory celebrates manufacturing itself, advertising its dazzling processes to an general public. Accessible & empowering Enabling curious consumers to become fabricators, the urban factory manufactures entrepreneurs. Clean & Silent Used by light industry employing the latest technologies, the urban factory is an agreeable neighbour. Compact & Vertical In marked contrast to its sprawling suburban peers, the urban factory increases city density by verticality. Human Presence The urban factory cannot be a lights-out robotic operation - it is justified by human presence. Transparent The Corner Factory celebrates manufacturing itself, advertising its dazzling processes to an general public. 20 21 Conceptual collages After a lot of research and no design, a few sketchy collages depicting ideas about the athmosphere of the main space types were put together. LOBBY 22 FACTORY SPACE 23 CORE 24 Future context A city with a rich industrial heritage, Gothenburg was as natural a testing ground as any. The area finally selected was Gullbergsvass, as the riverfront is historically intimately connected with the city’s harbour industry. This district is also set to take on an increasingly strategic position in the long term development of central Gothenburg. Currently occupied to a large extent by heavy infrastructure, it is planned to be transformed into a dense neighbourhood. Adjacent to the envisioned RegionCity high-rise development around the central station, featuring skyscrapers of about 120 metres23, the projected neighbouring building scales is accomodating to a large, vertical factory. 23. WSP., WHAT!. (2015) PLANERINGSUNDERLAG: HÖGA HUS, CENTRALENOMRÅDET FUTURE CONTEXT MODEL NEXT SPREAD: GULLBERGSVASS, CURRENT (BING MAPS 2016) AND FUTURE SITUATION 25 26 27 Development analysis Gullbergsvass is arguably the most significant development area in the whole of Gothenburg. There is enormous potential here, in the absolute city center, which makes it extra important to get it right. Eliminating barriers caused by heavy infrastructure, without cumbersome overdeckings, and achieving a dense urban fabric of diverse use is of utmost importance. Shown below are a synthesis of various planning documents and studies24,25,26, combined and slightly modified. This imagined development forms the future urban context for the building proposal. 24. SBK GÖTEBORG. (2014) CENTRALENOMRÅDET: STADSUTVECKLINGSPROGRAM 1.0 25. CITY PLANNING OFFICE, GÖTEBORG. (2013) SAMRÅDSHANDLING: DETALJPLAN FÖR BRO ÖVER GÖTA ÄLV 26. SPACESCAPE, WEST8, WHITE. (2013) QUEENS PARK: CENTRAL STATION AREA PARALELL STUDY 28 SITE ANALYSIS (INTERVENTION IN BLACK) 29 Unit Archipelago Island Autonomous architecture with integrity after separation Morphology With the surrounding parameters set, a set of possible building volumes were quickly and heuristically explored (opposite page). Meaning little as forms in themselves, especially set in an arbitrary immediate context, the final building envelope would depend on the functions within. Working within the most generic boundary possible, a square, the process went on. In the end, the building volume was a simple extrusion of this footprint to a appropriate height. Avoiding a discussion of local urban adaption and for argument's sake streamlining the project to focus on content and program, this choice of a very simple volume was deemed the most appropriate strategy. A manufactured object for the manufacture of objects, the Corner Factory is an autonomous architecture that could exist in a number of places. It is is not tied to its site, but depends primarily on a convenient logistical connection. This is not to say it is autistic to its surroundings. The city-block in question also contains the landmark building Pagoden, a monumental former tobacco warehouse. Likewise, the Corner Factory is also a building with monumental properties, possibly viewed separated from any context. AUTONOMOUS UNIT IN CITY-FABRICLOGISTIC CONNECTION TO UNDERGROUND HIGHWAY + = 90° Logistics Fundamental to the operation of any factory is the conventient flow in and out of the facility. Therefore, the site chosen was close to existing heavy infrastructure. Ideally submerged, this highway could be accessed by delivery trucks (probably automated) by a likewise underground loading bay. The factory would be be a plug-in unit into a larger network of manufacturing spread across the city, a constant flow of material and goods passing unnoticably in and out of the facility in a dense city context. It is possible to imagine this underbround artery serving as an organising logistical spine at the urban level, forming a line or factory row along which to string functions requiring frequent and heavy transport. 30 MORPHOLOGICAL HEURISTICS Current state Rising towards corner Irregular stacking Closed perimeter block - 12m depth Power plant massing Prism Knot block Narrow lots Narrow stacking Two lots Narrow and low Squeezed slab Podium + tower Discrete object Raised portal Current state Rising towards corner Irregular stacking Closed perimeter block - 12m depth Power plant massing Prism Knot block Narrow lots Narrow stacking Two lots Narrow and low Squeezed slab Podium + tower Discrete object Raised portal Current state Rising towards corner Irregular stacking Closed perimeter block - 12m depth Power plant massing Prism Knot block Narrow lots Narrow stacking Two lots Narrow and low Squeezed slab Podium + tower Discrete object Raised portal Current state Rising towards corner Irregular stacking Closed perimeter block - 12m depth Power plant massing Prism Knot block Narrow lots Narrow stacking Two lots Narrow and low Squeezed slab Podium + tower Discrete object Raised portal Current state Rising towards corner Irregular stacking Closed perimeter block - 12m depth Power plant massing Prism Knot block Narrow lots Narrow stacking Two lots Narrow and low Squeezed slab Podium + tower Discrete object Raised portal Current state Rising towards corner Irregular stacking Closed perimeter block - 12m depth Power plant massing Prism Knot block Narrow lots Narrow stacking Two lots Narrow and low Squeezed slab Podium + tower Discrete object Raised portal Current state Rising towards corner Irregular stacking Closed perimeter block - 12m depth Power plant massing Prism Knot block Narrow lots Narrow stacking Two lots Narrow and low Squeezed slab Podium + tower Discrete object Raised portal Current state Rising towards corner Irregular stacking Closed perimeter block - 12m depth Power plant massing Prism Knot block Narrow lots Narrow stacking Two lots Narrow and low Squeezed slab Podium + tower Discrete object Raised portal Current state Rising towards corner Irregular stacking Closed perimeter block - 12m depth Power plant massing Prism Knot block Narrow lots Narrow stacking Two lots Narrow and low Squeezed slab Podium + tower Discrete object Raised portal 31 Use In a future economy characterised by more sharing, various user models could be concieved. For instance, as part of the infrastructure, a service bureau operating a ‘print shop’ for additive manufacturing is imagined as a permanent tenant in the building. Naturally it would strive for maximum use of its machines. In pursuit of this, excess capacity could be offered to outside industry, printed parts delivered just-in-time to meet peaks in demand. Most of the building floor area was decided to consist of generic loft space, reminiscent of the manufacturing lofts of the Garment District skyscrapers of the 20's. These areas would basically be industrial halls, bright and spacious, tall enough to comfortably fit mezzanine floors in. Available for long-time leases, these stacked halls or sheds are the essential factory space. F A C T O R Y S PA C E P U B L I C W O R K S H O P ACCESSIBLE EQUIPMENT PERSONAL PROJECTS & REPAIRS PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT EMPOWERING INCUBATOR MEMBERSHIP OPTIONS FOR THE ‘MAKER’ P R I N T S H O P LARGE CAPACITY SERVICE BUREAU SELECT, UPLOAD OR SCAN OBJECT AGILE MEETING OF EXTRA DEMAND WIDE RANGE OF PREMIUM MATERIALS PAY PER CM3 FOR THE CONSUMER & OUTSIDE INDUSTRY FOR THE MANUFACTURER QUALITY CAPITAL & SPACE AVAILABLE RAPID PROTOTYPING & SHORT LOOPS SMART, NIMBLE & SAFE ROBOTS COMPETITIVE LOCATION & LOGISTICS LEASING OPTIONS Grundläggande programidé - fabrikens 3 delar BASIC DIVIDE, FIRST DRAFT 32 USE & USERS Users In conversation with a property development consultant, a ‘factory hotel’ model was devised. Like in an office hotel, certain amenities and infrastructure would be provided. For the sake of detail and specificity, four synergetic tenants are imagined, cherry-picked for exposing the various themes previously discussed. The Aerospace Company As part of a larger supply chain, a smaller aircraft engine model is manufactured in the bulk of the buildings spaces. A high-tech, low-run product still relying on plenty of human input, it is a spectacular artifact in itself. Final assembly is carried out in the lower, more robust floors, exposed to the city. The many small parts are provided by the in-house print shop, precision assembly by a fleet of mobile robotic arms. The Service Bureau An integral part of the facility, the service bureau operates an array of 3D printers, in close collaboration with other tenants. Using electron beam melting, various sintering techniques, fused deposition and stereolithography, all materials and finishes can be accomodated. The Drone Startup A growing drone service operates the air delivery terminal. Finetuning a standardised mass production process, the finished drones are put directly into service delivering printouts from the service bureau, or delivered as products in themselves. The Public Workshop At the top floor, a public workshop makes the translation of ideas into objects possible for the ordinary consumer. On a day pass or membership basis, quality equipment and and expertise is easily accessible. 33 Program Following the defining of use and users, the functional program was sketched out in a program draft. The stacking of these spaces were continously evaluated and reconfigured, resulting in the opposite program diagram. Light manufacturing Public workshop Print shop Basic divide General stacking Public Workshop Manufacturing Public areas Street Print shopLobby Logistics Auditorium Air cargo Street Print shop Manufacturing Lobby Public Workshop E45Deliveries QuayPackaging Further divisions Hall Terrace Air Cargo Exposition Reception Events AM & AA* *Additive manufacturing and automated assembly Deliveries DeliveriesPackaging Public workshop on top Heavy machinery Light manufacturing Office hotels Hall Terrace Air Cargo Exposition Reception Events Free space - lobby, workshops, office hotel, Fixed systems - logistics, heavy machines, AM & AA Packaging Public workshop Heavy machinery Light manufacturing Office hotels Public workshop Free / fixed division Light manufacturing Public workshop Print shop Basic divide General stacking Public Workshop Manufacturing Public areas Street Print shopLobby Logistics Auditorium Air cargo Street Print shop Manufacturing Lobby Public Workshop E45Deliveries QuayPackaging Further divisions Hall Terrace Air Cargo Exposition Reception Events AM & AA* *Additive manufacturing and automated assembly Deliveries DeliveriesPackaging Public workshop on top Heavy machinery Light manufacturing Office hotels Hall Terrace Air Cargo Exposition Reception Events Free space - lobby, workshops, office hotel, Fixed systems - logistics, heavy machines, AM & AA Packaging Public workshop Heavy machinery Light manufacturing Office hotels Public workshop Free / fixed division Light manufacturing Public workshop Print shop Basic divide General stacking Public Workshop Manufacturing Public areas Street Print shopLobby Logistics Auditorium Air cargo Street Print shop Manufacturing Lobby Public Workshop E45Deliveries QuayPackaging Further divisions Hall Terrace Air Cargo Exposition Reception Events AM & AA* *Additive manufacturing and automated assembly Deliveries DeliveriesPackaging Public workshop on top Heavy machinery Light manufacturing Office hotels Hall Terrace Air Cargo Exposition Reception Events Free space - lobby, workshops, office hotel, Fixed systems - logistics, heavy machines, AM & AA Packaging Public workshop Heavy machinery Light manufacturing Office hotels Public workshop Free / fixed division Light manufacturing Public workshop Print shop Basic divide General stacking Public Workshop Manufacturing Public areas Street Print shopLobby Logistics Auditorium Air cargo Street Print shop Manufacturing Lobby Public Workshop E45Deliveries QuayPackaging Further divisions Hall Terrace Air Cargo Exposition Reception Events AM & AA* *Additive manufacturing and automated assembly Deliveries DeliveriesPackaging Public workshop on top Heavy machinery Light manufacturing Office hotels Hall Terrace Air Cargo Exposition Reception Events Free space - lobby, workshops, office hotel, Fixed systems - logistics, heavy machines, AM & AA Packaging Public workshop Heavy machinery Light manufacturing Office hotels Public workshop Free / fixed division ~4800 m2(520m2 / floor + mezzanines) 23m 59m (7/14 floors,2 basements) 23m Manufacturing Shop Lobby Technical 2600 m2 Factory Hotel Public workshop FINAL PROGRAM, SIZE BASIC DIVIDE INITIAL STACKING FURTHER DIVISIONS PUBLIC WORKSHOP ON TOP 34 FLOOR 0 FLOORS 2-6 FLOORS 2-6 FLOOR -1 AuditoriumEmissive machinery Reception ExpositionPick-upsBuild space Stereolithograpy Fused deposition Laser sintering E-beam melting CNC Milling Wire EDM Injection moulding Deburring A U TO M A TE D S TO R A G E & R E TR IE V A L S Y S TE M - LO G IS TI C A L C O R E Powder recovery Coatings Heat treatment UV oven Drone hub Chem baths Quality control LOBBY Workplaces AGV’s + 6-axis arms Dual-arm cobots XS-S Assembly M-L Assembly Office hotel R&D Planning Service bureau Meeting areas Packeting Loading bay Additive Subtractive Robot farms Deliveries MANUFACTURING SHOP PUBLIC WORKSHOP FACTORY HOTEL ~2600 m2 ~520 m2 ~520 m2 ~520 m 2 FINAL PROGRAM 35 ASSEMBLY Job shop Process flow STORAGE FUNCTION 1 FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 2FUNCTION 3 DELIVERIES IN OUT RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT MARKET ASSEMBLY “Functional” product workshop Process flow with central material “square” STORAGE MATERIAL “SQUARE” FUNC- TION 1 FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 2FUNCTION 3 DELIVERIES IN OUT DELIVERY MATERIAL STORAGE PREPARE MATERIAL PREPARE MATERIAL PROCESSING ON-SITE RECYCLING ASSEMBLY QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGE STORAGE Driven Line with sub-stations “Fishbone” process flow RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE STATION 1 INSPECTIONPACKAGING SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK STATION 2 STATION 3 STATION 4 STATION 5 STATION 6 STATION 7 SUBWORK SUBWORK Additive manufacturing Simple / total process flow RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE DEPOSIT MATERIAL INSPECTPACKAGE PRODUCT FINISHING Additive manufacturing with assembly Process flow with possibly multi-material machinery RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE INSPECTPACKAGE DEPOSIT MATERIAL PART FINISHING ASSEMBLY DEPOSIT MATERIAL PART FINISHING Additive manufacturing, generic flow Process flow principle Production line Process flow principle Flow groups on logistical axis Principle RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT MARKETDELIVERY MATERIAL STORAGE PREPARE MATERIAL MATERIAL DEPOSITING CUSTOMIZATION FINISHING QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGE PRE-”CUSTOMIZED” TOOLING ON-SITE RECYCLING Sequential flow groups Principle WORKPIECES SRS “Ikea” model - end user assembly Process flow principle MATERIAL TRUCK FLAT PACK END USERPART FABRICATION FLAT PACKAGING WAREHOUSE FINAL ASSEMBLY (OUTSOURCING) Mobile on-site fabrication unit Deliverable general purpose manipulator MATERIAL CAD MODEL CLIENT ORDER DISPATCHED FABRICATION UNIT MOBILE FABRICATION UNIT HUB PRODUCTION PLANNING BUILD SITE DESTINATION ORDER ASSEMBLY Job shop Process flow STORAGE FUNCTION 1 FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 2FUNCTION 3 DELIVERIES IN OUT RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT MARKET ASSEMBLY “Functional” product workshop Process flow with central material “square” STORAGE MATERIAL “SQUARE” FUNC- TION 1 FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 2FUNCTION 3 DELIVERIES IN OUT DELIVERY MATERIAL STORAGE PREPARE MATERIAL PREPARE MATERIAL PROCESSING ON-SITE RECYCLING ASSEMBLY QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGE STORAGE Driven Line with sub-stations “Fishbone” process flow RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE STATION 1 INSPECTIONPACKAGING SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK STATION 2 STATION 3 STATION 4 STATION 5 STATION 6 STATION 7 SUBWORK SUBWORK Additive manufacturing Simple / total process flow RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE DEPOSIT MATERIAL INSPECTPACKAGE PRODUCT FINISHING Additive manufacturing with assembly Process flow with possibly multi-material machinery RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE INSPECTPACKAGE DEPOSIT MATERIAL PART FINISHING ASSEMBLY DEPOSIT MATERIAL PART FINISHING Additive manufacturing, generic flow Process flow principle Production line Process flow principle Flow groups on logistical axis Principle RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT MARKETDELIVERY MATERIAL STORAGE PREPARE MATERIAL MATERIAL DEPOSITING CUSTOMIZATION FINISHING QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGE PRE-”CUSTOMIZED” TOOLING ON-SITE RECYCLING Sequential flow groups Principle WORKPIECES SRS “Ikea” model - end user assembly Process flow principle MATERIAL TRUCK FLAT PACK END USERPART FABRICATION FLAT PACKAGING WAREHOUSE FINAL ASSEMBLY (OUTSOURCING) Mobile on-site fabrication unit Deliverable general purpose manipulator MATERIAL CAD MODEL CLIENT ORDER DISPATCHED FABRICATION UNIT MOBILE FABRICATION UNIT HUB PRODUCTION PLANNING BUILD SITE DESTINATION ORDER ASSEMBLY Job shop Process flow STORAGE FUNCTION 1 FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 2FUNCTION 3 DELIVERIES IN OUT RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT MARKET ASSEMBLY “Functional” product workshop Process flow with central material “square” STORAGE MATERIAL “SQUARE” FUNC- TION 1 FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 2FUNCTION 3 DELIVERIES IN OUT DELIVERY MATERIAL STORAGE PREPARE MATERIAL PREPARE MATERIAL PROCESSING ON-SITE RECYCLING ASSEMBLY QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGE STORAGE Driven Line with sub-stations “Fishbone” process flow RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE STATION 1 INSPECTIONPACKAGING SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK STATION 2 STATION 3 STATION 4 STATION 5 STATION 6 STATION 7 SUBWORK SUBWORK Additive manufacturing Simple / total process flow RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE DEPOSIT MATERIAL INSPECTPACKAGE PRODUCT FINISHING Additive manufacturing with assembly Process flow with possibly multi-material machinery RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE INSPECTPACKAGE DEPOSIT MATERIAL PART FINISHING ASSEMBLY DEPOSIT MATERIAL PART FINISHING Additive manufacturing, generic flow Process flow principle Production line Process flow principle Flow groups on logistical axis Principle RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT MARKETDELIVERY MATERIAL STORAGE PREPARE MATERIAL MATERIAL DEPOSITING CUSTOMIZATION FINISHING QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGE PRE-”CUSTOMIZED” TOOLING ON-SITE RECYCLING Sequential flow groups Principle WORKPIECES SRS “Ikea” model - end user assembly Process flow principle MATERIAL TRUCK FLAT PACK END USERPART FABRICATION FLAT PACKAGING WAREHOUSE FINAL ASSEMBLY (OUTSOURCING) Mobile on-site fabrication unit Deliverable general purpose manipulator MATERIAL CAD MODEL CLIENT ORDER DISPATCHED FABRICATION UNIT MOBILE FABRICATION UNIT HUB PRODUCTION PLANNING BUILD SITE DESTINATION ORDER ASSEMBLY Job shop Process flow STORAGE FUNCTION 1 FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 2FUNCTION 3 DELIVERIES IN OUT RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT MARKET ASSEMBLY “Functional” product workshop Process flow with central material “square” STORAGE MATERIAL “SQUARE” FUNC- TION 1 FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 2FUNCTION 3 DELIVERIES IN OUT DELIVERY MATERIAL STORAGE PREPARE MATERIAL PREPARE MATERIAL PROCESSING ON-SITE RECYCLING ASSEMBLY QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGE STORAGE Driven Line with sub-stations “Fishbone” process flow RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE STATION 1 INSPECTIONPACKAGING SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK STATION 2 STATION 3 STATION 4 STATION 5 STATION 6 STATION 7 SUBWORK SUBWORK Additive manufacturing Simple / total process flow RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE DEPOSIT MATERIAL INSPECTPACKAGE PRODUCT FINISHING Additive manufacturing with assembly Process flow with possibly multi-material machinery RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE INSPECTPACKAGE DEPOSIT MATERIAL PART FINISHING ASSEMBLY DEPOSIT MATERIAL PART FINISHING Additive manufacturing, generic flow Process flow principle Production line Process flow principle Flow groups on logistical axis Principle RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT MARKETDELIVERY MATERIAL STORAGE PREPARE MATERIAL MATERIAL DEPOSITING CUSTOMIZATION FINISHING QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGE PRE-”CUSTOMIZED” TOOLING ON-SITE RECYCLING Sequential flow groups Principle WORKPIECES SRS “Ikea” model - end user assembly Process flow principle MATERIAL TRUCK FLAT PACK END USERPART FABRICATION FLAT PACKAGING WAREHOUSE FINAL ASSEMBLY (OUTSOURCING) Mobile on-site fabrication unit Deliverable general purpose manipulator MATERIAL CAD MODEL CLIENT ORDER DISPATCHED FABRICATION UNIT MOBILE FABRICATION UNIT HUB PRODUCTION PLANNING BUILD SITE DESTINATION ORDER ASSEMBLY Job shop Process flow STORAGE FUNCTION 1 FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 2FUNCTION 3 DELIVERIES IN OUT RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT MARKET ASSEMBLY “Functional” product workshop Process flow with central material “square” STORAGE MATERIAL “SQUARE” FUNC- TION 1 FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 2FUNCTION 3 DELIVERIES IN OUT DELIVERY MATERIAL STORAGE PREPARE MATERIAL PREPARE MATERIAL PROCESSING ON-SITE RECYCLING ASSEMBLY QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGE STORAGE Driven Line with sub-stations “Fishbone” process flow RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE STATION 1 INSPECTIONPACKAGING SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK STATION 2 STATION 3 STATION 4 STATION 5 STATION 6 STATION 7 SUBWORK SUBWORK Additive manufacturing Simple / total process flow RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE DEPOSIT MATERIAL INSPECTPACKAGE PRODUCT FINISHING Additive manufacturing with assembly Process flow with possibly multi-material machinery RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE INSPECTPACKAGE DEPOSIT MATERIAL PART FINISHING ASSEMBLY DEPOSIT MATERIAL PART FINISHING Additive manufacturing, generic flow Process flow principle Production line Process flow principle Flow groups on logistical axis Principle RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT MARKETDELIVERY MATERIAL STORAGE PREPARE MATERIAL MATERIAL DEPOSITING CUSTOMIZATION FINISHING QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGE PRE-”CUSTOMIZED” TOOLING ON-SITE RECYCLING Sequential flow groups Principle WORKPIECES SRS “Ikea” model - end user assembly Process flow principle MATERIAL TRUCK FLAT PACK END USERPART FABRICATION FLAT PACKAGING WAREHOUSE FINAL ASSEMBLY (OUTSOURCING) Mobile on-site fabrication unit Deliverable general purpose manipulator MATERIAL CAD MODEL CLIENT ORDER DISPATCHED FABRICATION UNIT MOBILE FABRICATION UNIT HUB PRODUCTION PLANNING BUILD SITE DESTINATION ORDER ASSEMBLY Job shop Process flow STORAGE FUNCTION 1 FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 2FUNCTION 3 DELIVERIES IN OUT RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT MARKET ASSEMBLY “Functional” product workshop Process flow with central material “square” STORAGE MATERIAL “SQUARE” FUNC- TION 1 FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 2FUNCTION 3 DELIVERIES IN OUT DELIVERY MATERIAL STORAGE PREPARE MATERIAL PREPARE MATERIAL PROCESSING ON-SITE RECYCLING ASSEMBLY QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGE STORAGE Driven Line with sub-stations “Fishbone” process flow RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE STATION 1 INSPECTIONPACKAGING SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK SUBWORK STATION 2 STATION 3 STATION 4 STATION 5 STATION 6 STATION 7 SUBWORK SUBWORK Additive manufacturing Simple / total process flow RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE DEPOSIT MATERIAL INSPECTPACKAGE PRODUCT FINISHING Additive manufacturing with assembly Process flow with possibly multi-material machinery RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT DELIVERY STORAGE INSPECTPACKAGE DEPOSIT MATERIAL PART FINISHING ASSEMBLY DEPOSIT MATERIAL PART FINISHING Additive manufacturing, generic flow Process flow principle Production line Process flow principle Flow groups on logistical axis Principle RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT MARKETDELIVERY MATERIAL STORAGE PREPARE MATERIAL MATERIAL DEPOSITING CUSTOMIZATION FINISHING QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGE PRE-”CUSTOMIZED” TOOLING ON-SITE RECYCLING Sequential flow groups Principle WORKPIECES SRS “Ikea” model - end user assembly Process flow principle MATERIAL TRUCK FLAT PACK END USERPART FABRICATION FLAT PACKAGING WAREHOUSE FINAL ASSEMBLY (OUTSOURCING) Mobile on-site fabrication unit Deliverable general purpose manipulator MATERIAL CAD MODEL CLIENT ORDER DISPATCHED FABRICATION UNIT MOBILE FABRICATION UNIT HUB PRODUCTION PLANNING BUILD SITE DESTINATION ORDER Process flow studies Essentially, a factory is an enclosure for the sheltering of a production process. A number of these, generic and specific, were studied in preparation for the drafting of a preliminary flow diagram for the Corner Factory. JOB SHOP PRINCIPLE PRODUCTION LINE PRINCIPLE PRODUCTION LINE WITH SUBSTATIONS - 'FISHBONE FLOW' IKEA MODEL - END USER ASSEMBLY ON-SITE ASSEMBLY - DELIVERABLE ALL-PURPOSE MANIPULATOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING - TOTAL FLOW 36 Biscuits Process flow Pig products Process flow Wood furniture Process flow Near-vertical automobile plant Process flow Artificial kidney Process flow Concrete elements Process flow Car plant, reduced Process flow WATER & FEED MEATS FATS OFFALS WASTE HEAT / LANDFILL HOG HAIR HIDES DRIED BLOOD MARKET MARKET PARTICLE BOARD MANUFACTURING HEATING PACKING STORAGE DELIVERIES LIVESTOCK PENS KILLING REMOVE HIDE BLOOD PROCESSING SELECTED WOOD HIDE PROCESSING VISCERA HANDLING HAIR RECOVERY COMPATIBLE CELL MATERIAL PREPARATION ORGAN EVALUATION ORGAN SCAFFOLDING MATERIAL PREPARATION RENDERING EVISCERATING COOLING CUTTING DEBONING PROCESSING SORTING AND SIZING GRIND, CURE, COOK DRYING AIR/KILN ROUGH CUT SAWDUST, FLAKES & CHIPPINGS CEMENT QUALITY TEST ADDITIVES SAND CLAY/SILT TEST DEMOULD FINAL CURING QUALITY CONTROL AGGREGATE GRADING MOISTURE TESTING RECEPTION STORAGE MOULDING CURING TRIM DEPT. RECIPIENT CAD MODEL BIO-POLYMER INGREDIENTS RAW MATERIAL BODY SHOP CHASSI ASSEMBLY MATERIAL PROCESSING FINAL ASSEMBLY MATERIAL & PARTS MARKET MARKETRECEPTION & HANDLING BODY SHOP COATING CHASSI ASSEMBLY FINAL ASSEMBLY FOUNDRY STAMPING ENGINE FORGE POLYMER MOULDING SOFT TRIM WORKSHOP TRANS- MISSION METAL METAL COILS OUTSOURCED PARTS DELIVERIES RECIPIENTFOUR-NOZZLE “INKJET” BIO-PRINTER MACHINE AREA SANDING INSPECT & REPAIR ASSEMBLY FINISHING PACKING STORAGE MARKET MARKET MIXINGPRE-MIX DRY GOODS FORMING SHAPE / SIZE BAKING COOLING VERTICAL FILLING METAL DETECTION WRAPPING PACKING STORAGE Biscuits Process flow Pig products Process flow Wood furniture Process flow Near-vertical automobile plant Process flow Artificial kidney Process flow Concrete elements Process flow Car plant, reduced Process flow WATER & FEED MEATS FATS OFFALS WASTE HEAT / LANDFILL HOG HAIR HIDES DRIED BLOOD MARKET MARKET PARTICLE BOARD MANUFACTURING HEATING PACKING STORAGE DELIVERIES LIVESTOCK PENS KILLING REMOVE HIDE BLOOD PROCESSING SELECTED WOOD HIDE PROCESSING VISCERA HANDLING HAIR RECOVERY COMPATIBLE CELL MATERIAL PREPARATION ORGAN EVALUATION ORGAN SCAFFOLDING MATERIAL PREPARATION RENDERING EVISCERATING COOLING CUTTING DEBONING PROCESSING SORTING AND SIZING GRIND, CURE, COOK DRYING AIR/KILN ROUGH CUT SAWDUST, FLAKES & CHIPPINGS CEMENT QUALITY TEST ADDITIVES SAND CLAY/SILT TEST DEMOULD FINAL CURING QUALITY CONTROL AGGREGATE GRADING MOISTURE TESTING RECEPTION STORAGE MOULDING CURING TRIM DEPT. RECIPIENT CAD MODEL BIO-POLYMER INGREDIENTS RAW MATERIAL BODY SHOP CHASSI ASSEMBLY MATERIAL PROCESSING FINAL ASSEMBLY MATERIAL & PARTS MARKET MARKETRECEPTION & HANDLING BODY SHOP COATING CHASSI ASSEMBLY FINAL ASSEMBLY FOUNDRY STAMPING ENGINE FORGE POLYMER MOULDING SOFT TRIM WORKSHOP TRANS- MISSION METAL METAL COILS OUTSOURCED PARTS DELIVERIES RECIPIENTFOUR-NOZZLE “INKJET” BIO-PRINTER MACHINE AREA SANDING INSPECT & REPAIR ASSEMBLY FINISHING PACKING STORAGE MARKET MARKET MIXINGPRE-MIX DRY GOODS FORMING SHAPE / SIZE BAKING COOLING VERTICAL FILLING METAL DETECTION WRAPPING PACKING STORAGE Biscuits Process flow Pig products Process flow Wood furniture Process flow Near-vertical automobile plant Process flow Artificial kidney Process flow Concrete elements Process flow Car plant, reduced Process flow WATER & FEED MEATS FATS OFFALS WASTE HEAT / LANDFILL HOG HAIR HIDES DRIED BLOOD MARKET MARKET PARTICLE BOARD MANUFACTURING HEATING PACKING STORAGE DELIVERIES LIVESTOCK PENS KILLING REMOVE HIDE BLOOD PROCESSING SELECTED WOOD HIDE PROCESSING VISCERA HANDLING HAIR RECOVERY COMPATIBLE CELL MATERIAL PREPARATION ORGAN EVALUATION ORGAN SCAFFOLDING MATERIAL PREPARATION RENDERING EVISCERATING COOLING CUTTING DEBONING PROCESSING SORTING AND SIZING GRIND, CURE, COOK DRYING AIR/KILN ROUGH CUT SAWDUST, FLAKES & CHIPPINGS CEMENT QUALITY TEST ADDITIVES SAND CLAY/SILT TEST DEMOULD FINAL CURING QUALITY CONTROL AGGREGATE GRADING MOISTURE TESTING RECEPTION STORAGE MOULDING CURING TRIM DEPT. RECIPIENT CAD MODEL BIO-POLYMER INGREDIENTS RAW MATERIAL BODY SHOP CHASSI ASSEMBLY MATERIAL PROCESSING FINAL ASSEMBLY MATERIAL & PARTS MARKET MARKETRECEPTION & HANDLING BODY SHOP COATING CHASSI ASSEMBLY FINAL ASSEMBLY FOUNDRY STAMPING ENGINE FORGE POLYMER MOULDING SOFT TRIM WORKSHOP TRANS- MISSION METAL METAL COILS OUTSOURCED PARTS DELIVERIES RECIPIENTFOUR-NOZZLE “INKJET” BIO-PRINTER MACHINE AREA SANDING INSPECT & REPAIR ASSEMBLY FINISHING PACKING STORAGE MARKET MARKET MIXINGPRE-MIX DRY GOODS FORMING SHAPE / SIZE BAKING COOLING VERTICAL FILLING METAL DETECTION WRAPPING PACKING STORAGE Biscuits Process flow Pig products Process flow Wood furniture Process flow Near-vertical automobile plant Process flow Artificial kidney Process flow Concrete elements Process flow Car plant, reduced Process flow WATER & FEED MEATS FATS OFFALS WASTE HEAT / LANDFILL HOG HAIR HIDES DRIED BLOOD MARKET MARKET PARTICLE BOARD MANUFACTURING HEATING PACKING STORAGE DELIVERIES LIVESTOCK PENS KILLING REMOVE HIDE BLOOD PROCESSING SELECTED WOOD HIDE PROCESSING VISCERA HANDLING HAIR RECOVERY COMPATIBLE CELL MATERIAL PREPARATION ORGAN EVALUATION ORGAN SCAFFOLDING MATERIAL PREPARATION RENDERING EVISCERATING COOLING CUTTING DEBONING PROCESSING SORTING AND SIZING GRIND, CURE, COOK DRYING AIR/KILN ROUGH CUT SAWDUST, FLAKES & CHIPPINGS CEMENT QUALITY TEST ADDITIVES SAND CLAY/SILT TEST DEMOULD FINAL CURING QUALITY CONTROL AGGREGATE GRADING MOISTURE TESTING RECEPTION STORAGE MOULDING CURING TRIM DEPT. RECIPIENT CAD MODEL BIO-POLYMER INGREDIENTS RAW MATERIAL BODY SHOP CHASSI ASSEMBLY MATERIAL PROCESSING FINAL ASSEMBLY MATERIAL & PARTS MARKET MARKETRECEPTION & HANDLING BODY SHOP COATING CHASSI ASSEMBLY FINAL ASSEMBLY FOUNDRY STAMPING ENGINE FORGE POLYMER MOULDING SOFT TRIM WORKSHOP TRANS- MISSION METAL METAL COILS OUTSOURCED PARTS DELIVERIES RECIPIENTFOUR-NOZZLE “INKJET” BIO-PRINTER MACHINE AREA SANDING INSPECT & REPAIR ASSEMBLY FINISHING PACKING STORAGE MARKET MARKET MIXINGPRE-MIX DRY GOODS FORMING SHAPE / SIZE BAKING COOLING VERTICAL FILLING METAL DETECTION WRAPPING PACKING STORAGE Biscuits Process flow Pig products Process flow Wood furniture Process flow Near-vertical automobile plant Process flow Artificial kidney Process flow Concrete elements Process flow Car plant, reduced Process flow WATER & FEED MEATS FATS OFFALS WASTE HEAT / LANDFILL HOG HAIR HIDES DRIED BLOOD MARKET MARKET PARTICLE BOARD MANUFACTURING HEATING PACKING STORAGE DELIVERIES LIVESTOCK PENS KILLING REMOVE HIDE BLOOD PROCESSING SELECTED WOOD HIDE PROCESSING VISCERA HANDLING HAIR RECOVERY COMPATIBLE CELL MATERIAL PREPARATION ORGAN EVALUATION ORGAN SCAFFOLDING MATERIAL PREPARATION RENDERING EVISCERATING COOLING CUTTING DEBONING PROCESSING SORTING AND SIZING GRIND, CURE, COOK DRYING AIR/KILN ROUGH CUT SAWDUST, FLAKES & CHIPPINGS CEMENT QUALITY TEST ADDITIVES SAND CLAY/SILT TEST DEMOULD FINAL CURING QUALITY CONTROL AGGREGATE GRADING MOISTURE TESTING RECEPTION STORAGE MOULDING CURING TRIM DEPT. RECIPIENT CAD MODEL BIO-POLYMER INGREDIENTS RAW MATERIAL BODY SHOP CHASSI ASSEMBLY MATERIAL PROCESSING FINAL ASSEMBLY MATERIAL & PARTS MARKET MARKETRECEPTION & HANDLING BODY SHOP COATING CHASSI ASSEMBLY FINAL ASSEMBLY FOUNDRY STAMPING ENGINE FORGE POLYMER MOULDING SOFT TRIM WORKSHOP TRANS- MISSION METAL METAL COILS OUTSOURCED PARTS DELIVERIES RECIPIENTFOUR-NOZZLE “INKJET” BIO-PRINTER MACHINE AREA SANDING INSPECT & REPAIR ASSEMBLY FINISHING PACKING STORAGE MARKET MARKET MIXINGPRE-MIX DRY GOODS FORMING SHAPE / SIZE BAKING COOLING VERTICAL FILLING METAL DETECTION WRAPPING PACKING STORAGE Biscuits Process flow Pig products Process flow Wood furniture Process flow Near-vertical automobile plant Process flow Artificial kidney Process flow Concrete elements Process flow Car plant, reduced Process flow WATER & FEED MEATS FATS OFFALS WASTE HEAT / LANDFILL HOG HAIR HIDES DRIED BLOOD MARKET MARKET PARTICLE BOARD MANUFACTURING HEATING PACKING STORAGE DELIVERIES LIVESTOCK PENS KILLING REMOVE HIDE BLOOD PROCESSING SELECTED WOOD HIDE PROCESSING VISCERA HANDLING HAIR RECOVERY COMPATIBLE CELL MATERIAL PREPARATION ORGAN EVALUATION ORGAN SCAFFOLDING MATERIAL PREPARATION RENDERING EVISCERATING COOLING CUTTING DEBONING PROCESSING SORTING AND SIZING GRIND, CURE, COOK DRYING AIR/KILN ROUGH CUT SAWDUST, FLAKES & CHIPPINGS CEMENT QUALITY TEST ADDITIVES SAND CLAY/SILT TEST DEMOULD FINAL CURING QUALITY CONTROL AGGREGATE GRADING MOISTURE TESTING RECEPTION STORAGE MOULDING CURING TRIM DEPT. RECIPIENT CAD MODEL BIO-POLYMER INGREDIENTS RAW MATERIAL BODY SHOP CHASSI ASSEMBLY MATERIAL PROCESSING FINAL ASSEMBLY MATERIAL & PARTS MARKET MARKETRECEPTION & HANDLING BODY SHOP COATING CHASSI ASSEMBLY FINAL ASSEMBLY FOUNDRY STAMPING ENGINE FORGE POLYMER MOULDING SOFT TRIM WORKSHOP TRANS- MISSION METAL METAL COILS OUTSOURCED PARTS DELIVERIES RECIPIENTFOUR-NOZZLE “INKJET” BIO-PRINTER MACHINE AREA SANDING INSPECT & REPAIR ASSEMBLY FINISHING PACKING STORAGE MARKET MARKET MIXINGPRE-MIX DRY GOODS FORMING SHAPE / SIZE BAKING COOLING VERTICAL FILLING METAL DETECTION WRAPPING PACKING STORAGE PORK BELLY CARS KIDNEY CONCRETE ELEMENT BISCUITS WOODEN CHAIR 37 CONVENTIONAL ASSEMBLY INSPECTION ASSEMBLY IDEA DEPARTMENT OFFICE HOTEL PROCESSING / MACHINING RECEPTION MATERIAL PREPFINISHINGADDITIVE MANUFACTURING WORKSHOPS Metal Additive manufacturing Coatings Wood Exposition Design S M XS Production planning Robot training Service bureau Incubator Meeting areas Workshop Prototyping Large builds Reception PUBLIC GROUND FLOOR Work- places Stereolithograpy Fused deposition Direct laser sintering E-beam melting CNC Milling Wire EDM Injection moulding Flow groups Deburring LOGISTIC SYSTEM Powder recovery Coatings Quality scan Gas atomizer UV oven Chem bath ASSEMBLY BUFFER WORKPIECE BUFFER FACTORY WORKERS STORAGE LOCATIONS SHUTTLE SPACE PLA plastic Stock materials (pull system) Seat bracket Laser sintering Powder coating VR engineer Elevator cage Buffer spot Administrator CEO ‘Maker’ Drone parts set Drone parts Workpieces Machining Parts 3-24 Titanium Polymers Metals Resin Headset mockup Hip implant Complete drone Assembly by dual-arm co-bots Ship to HQ Prototype Testing Chair bracket Replacement part Home consumer Wants easy repair Hip implant Simple, print only order Stock materials Drone Fairly complex product Headset prototype #34, fit mock-up VR engineer Counter-nausea expert Production manager Medical service bureau Start-up CEO Sensor engineer PRINT SHOP PUBLIC WORKSHOP FACTORY SPACE PACKAGE & DELIVER MATERIALS PRODUCT LOBBY FLOWS Flödesschema - arbetshypotes, illustrativa exempel (under utveckling) Flow chart 38 Vertical flow problem When Henry Ford abandoned the outdated five-storey Highland Park in favor of the sheds of River Rouge, organising vertical production lines was likewise abandonded. The ramps of Lingotto are spectacular in themselves, but not a very efficient way of organising space. This is the vertical problem. In search for a solution, the 'Direct Input / Output System' was found. 1940’s and forward: flat, straight-forward flows, flexible, expandable , cheap Total layout flexibility Expandability Production lineWorkshop flow Future vertical flow concept VERTICAL DIRECT INPUT / OUTPUT SYSTEM ‘Smart’ core handling all flows Early 20th century vertical flow principles, all with high circulation space demands) GRAVITY FLOW Chutes and lifts moving material and product Example: Highland Park, Murray’s FLOOR LOOPS Processes and business separated on floors Example: Bricken Building, Starett-Lehigh PRODUCTION LINE Linear production throughout building Example: VW Gläserne, Fiat Lingotto (reversed) 1940’s and forward: flat, straight-forward flows, flexible, expandable , cheap Total layout flexibility Expandability Production lineWorkshop flow Future vertical flow concept VERTICAL DIRECT INPUT / OUTPUT SYSTEM ‘Smart’ core handling all flows Early 20th century vertical flow principles, all with high circulation space demands) GRAVITY FLOW Chutes and lifts moving material and product Example: Highland Park, Murray’s FLOOR LOOPS Processes and business separated on floors Example: Bricken Building, Starett-Lehigh PRODUCTION LINE Linear production throughout building Example: VW Gläserne, Fiat Lingotto (reversed) EARLY 20TH CENTURY FLOW PRINCIPLES 1930'S AND FORWARD: HORIZONTAL FLOWS THESIS FLOW CONCEPT The competition -- flat, straight-forward flows, flexible, expandable , cheap Total flexibility Expandability Production lineWorkshop flow Material flow concept - Central logistics core handling all flows 1940- Early 20th century Near future DIRECT INPUT / OUTPUT SYSTEM Gravity flow Chutes and lifts moving material and product Floor loops Processes and business separated on floors Production line Linear production throughout building 39 Direct Input / Output System Handling the material flows is the main task of the infrastructure of a vertical factory. In this regard, the 'Direct Input / Output System' (DIOS) pioneered by Seibu Electric co. of Japan in the 80's has been influential. In its original form, it describes the flows in a flexible material system (FMS), where everything related to production is handled by a single, automated warehouse. Translated to a building component in a high-rise factory, this logistic principle translates to a 'smart core' featuring an automated storage / retrieval system (see next page) acting throughout the building. This infrastructural spine handles all flows, coordinating transport orders with maximum efficiency. Components, equipment and anything that is not directly used are tucked away and stored by the common IoT-guided logistic system. DIO SYSTEM VERTICAL DIO SYSTEM + ASRS = FLOW PRINCIPLE Kusuda, Y. (2008) Direct input and output system. An automated warehouse with a stacker crane is installed at the center of a factory floor. Machines are arranged around the warehouse and inlet and outlet holes corresponding to the machines are made on the side of the warehouse. The warehouse stores everything related to the production – materials, parts, half finished products, finished goods, fixtures, etc. A computer controls the material storage and material flow of the DIO system. It commands the stacker crane to take care of transportation from storage to machines, from machines to storage, from a machine to another machine, stock in storage, ship out, etc. KUSUDA, Y. (2008) DIRECT INPUT AND OUTPUT SYSTEM. Material Strip-guided AGV Electric die sinking CNC mill Workpiece Workpiece Equipment Package Human Material Underground E45 Access Equipment B u ff e r s to ra g e S ta c k e r c ra n e Flexible manufacturing system (FMS) (Direct input/output system (FANUC Robotics, 1980’s)) Vertical FMS Automated storage/retrieval system (ASRS) + = Material and human flows handled by logistic core Infrastructure connection 90° + = 90° 40 Automated storage / retrieval system Originating in the 60's, an automated storage / retrieval system (ASRS) is a compact logistic solution for computerized management of a warehouse. Reducing inventory and labor, they are typically used in applications where there are a high volume of loads being moved in and out of storage, space constraints make storage density important and where accuracy is critical because of expensive loads. Such as in the Corner Factory. CORNER FACTORY ASRS Consumer Factory Worker Maker Outside Industry Material Product / Workpiece Production Production Production Fabrication DataFabrication Data Fabrication Data Idea Production all-material workshop accessible equipment assistance available exposition events large objects education events design & planning start-up incubator office hotels deliveries packaging drone central manufacturing assembly spaces research & development direct input / output system highly automated flexible manufacturing systems technical systems ACCESS Lobby Maker Space Auditorium Office Space Factory Space Machine Park Core Logistic Hub CORE FLOW HANDLING 41 Machinery Like the tenants of an apartment building, the machinery is just as much as the workers the inhabitants around which the factory needs to be designed. Below, the main types of equipment found in the Corner Factory are shown. These machines are in themselves a large portion of the spectacular quality provided by the Corner Factory to its Generic platforms Basic, scalable components Smart & mobile Intraconnected IoT machinery Conventional equipment For when additive isn't rational Classic tools For the Public Workshop 3D PRINTER ARM + GANTRY INJECTION MOULDING MACHINEELECTRIC DIE SINKING MACHINE FLATBED CNC ROUTER WATERJET CUTTER LATHE DRILL PRESSBAND SAW TABLE SAW AGV + TELESCOPE + ARM S AGV + ARM L AGV + ASRS CAROUSELSAGV + TRAY 7-AXIS ARM AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLE neighbouring street. Increasingly automated, these robots works tirelessly around the clock, unconcerned with being watched, moving and assembling components with almost uncanny autonomy and precision. By day, workers arrive to tune and monitor their choreography. 42 OBJECTS IN SPACE OBJECTS ENCLOSING SPACE OBJECTS DEFINING SPACE Space-making equipment The potential for the machinery itself to act as space- making elements was recognized early. Shown right are 3D printers assembled into walls. In the final proposal, two of these elements acted in conjunction with the core 'slab' to define a logistic area. 43 CENTRAL e.g. Johnson Wax, Seagram OFF-CENTER Examples ubiquitous EXTERNAL Balanced structure generating homogenous space ‘Total flexibility’, in effect often static Needs fairly large floor plate Differentiating space e.g. Centre Pompidou, Lloyds bldg FRAGMENTED e.g. Sendai Mediatheque < CENTRAL e.g. Johnson Wax, Seagram OFF-CENTER Examples ubiquitous EXTERNAL Balanced structure generating homogenous space ‘Total flexibility’, in effect often static Needs fairly large floor plate Differentiating space e.g. Centre Pompidou, Lloyds bldg FRAGMENTED e.g. Sendai Mediatheque < CENTRAL e.g. Johnson Wax, Seagram OFF-CENTER Examples ubiquitous EXTERNAL Balanced structure generating homogenous space ‘Total flexibility’, in effect often static Needs fairly large floor plate Differentiating space e.g. Centre Pompidou, Lloyds bldg FRAGMENTED e.g. Sendai Mediatheque < CENTRAL e.g. Johnson Wax, Seagram OFF-CENTER Examples ubiquitous EXTERNAL Balanced structure generating homogenous space ‘Total flexibility’, in effect often static Needs fairly large floor plate Differentiating space e.g. Centre Pompidou, Lloyds bldg FRAGMENTED e.g. Sendai Mediatheque < Core placement The position of the core defines the basic spatial configuration of a high-rise. An early decision to push the visually potent core towards the facade ruled out a central placement. The 'fragmented' option was thoroughly evaulated and found to have a lot of spatial potential, but to be more suited for a factory with a larger floorplate, CENTRAL BALANCED STRUCTURE GENERATING HOMOGENOUS SPACE EXTERNAL 'TOTAL FLEXIBILITY' - IN EFFECT OFTEN STATIC FRAGMENTED NEEDS FAIRLY LARGE FLOOR PLATE ASYMMETRIC DIFFERENTIATING SPACE or a typology with lesser demands on flexibility. The vast halls of mass production are no longer that relevant in most manufacturing, but the option to divide a larger volume of space at will is still appealing in this sector. In the end, clustering the core functions in a bundle, placed asymmetrically for a differentiation of space, was chosen. 44 STUDY MODEL FOR CORE PLACEMENT AND PARTITIONS 45 Core design The 'smart core', or automated storage and retrieval system (ASRS), physically consists of a tall warehouse pallet racking with a stacker crane. Or, a large number of storage locations for objects of various scales. Considered as a large-scale object in itself, this pallet racking could be described as a lattice structure consisting of a myriad of sticks. This idea of sticks was to inform the entire building. Considering the possibility of the pallet racking to act as a structural member, various configurations were explored below. The theme of a 'trapped figure' or 'shape within' was also explored. In the end, the core consists of a larger exoskeleton overlaid over a pallet racking divided for accomodating two packet sizes. TAPERING PALLET RACKING HYPERBOLOID CORE LATTICE STICK'TRAPPED FIGURE' VOLUME This larger lattice slab acts as the stiffening element for the entire building (see structure chapter). It also contains the other necessary functions: freight- and personnel elevators, fire escape stairs, air ducts, wiring and media piping. The core is the building component most associated with the spectacular. Normally, a high rise core is an opaque static element. But in the Corner Factory, the core comes alive while almost disappearing. Inside the delicate skeletal tube, the stackers shifts goods around, providing a constant activity especially prominent at night. 46 AUTOMATED STORAGE / RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FREIGHT ELEVATOR PERSONNEL ELEVATOR FIRE ESCAPE Slab - structurally unstable in itself Tube - structurally stable / space-makingLOGISTICAL SYSTEM - STRUCTURAL POTENTIALSlab - structurally unstable in itself Tube - structurally stable / space-makingLOGISTICAL SYSTEM - STRUCTURAL POTENTIALSlab - structurally unstable in itself Tube - structurally stable / space-makingLOGISTICAL SYSTEM - STRUCTURAL POTENTIALSlab - structurally unstable in itself Tube - structurally stable / space-makingLOGISTICAL SYSTEM - STRUCTURAL POTENTIALSlab - structurally unstable in itself Tube - structurally stable / space-makingLOGISTICAL SYSTEM - STRUCTURAL POTENTIAL SLAB CRUCIFORM STICK HEXAGON CYLINDER FINAL CORE BUNDLE 47 Structure Building on the 'stick logic' of the core, the global structure was initially approached as a 'stick field'. This tectonic logic is especially prevalent in utilitarian structures due its inherent material efficiency. Columns and lattice girders were decided to be the basic components of the structural system, in which the amounts and thicknesses were constantly manipulated. Shown on next spread are some variations of slabs. Some heavily perforated, and perhaps SLAB UNDERSIDE STUDY MODEL more spatially rich iterations, were discarded in favor for basic, space-maximising compartments. The system can thus be read as a series of stacked 6m halls, the ones located higher up in the building coming with pre-inserted mezzanine floors. The columns system is placed on a subterranean box of concrete. A continous void, containing the logistic system, runs throughout the entire height. 48 CONCRETE BASEMENT CASING CONCRETE FILLED TUBES, TAPERING DOWN: 400X400 1200X400 STIFFENING LATTICE CORE: STEEL SECTIONS 250X250 100X100 CONCRETE METAL DECK SLABS ON SINE PROFILE GIRDERS (H=800) 49 CASCADING PLATFORMS GRADATION OF STRUCTURE OBSESSIVE THINNESS MIESIAN CORES 50 SLANTED COLUMNS JAUNTINESS CONTINUUM STACKED VIERENDEEL 51 CURVED ELEMENTS DISTORTING VIEWS Facade The factory should not look like an office building or a cultural institution. The volume is the simplest possible, the facade the main contributor to visual impact. Given the column-based structure, a curtain wall facade was a given. The main objective was to be the showcasing and enhancement of the factory's contents, or the exposure of new manufacturing processes. As such, the facade interface called for a non-obscuring strategy. To this end, an architecture of disapperance or 'almost nothing' was pursued. Instead of exclusively working with glass, plastic ETFE membrane cushions was introduced to the material palette. Inflated with air, these lightweight elements adds depth and curves reflections, making the envelope more three dimensional. The other elements are large- pane glass elements and units with operable windows. Enhancing the spectacle inside the building, this gridded interface forms a certain rhythm, that like a comic strip format frames and directs attention. OPPOSITE: CUSHION EFFECT STUDY 52 53 Proposal OPPOSITE AND NEXT SPREAD: FINAL ITERATION EXHIBITION 2016-05-25 54 55 56 57 Views SIDEWALK 58 NEIGHBOUR BALCONY 59 ASSEMBLY 60 PUBLIC WORKSHOP 61 Drawings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 MATCHSTICK FACTORY FUTURE CONTEXT PUBLIC WORKSHOP LOUD EQUIPMENT AUTOMATED STORAGE/RETRIEVAL SYSTEM DRONE STARTUP AIR DELIVERY HUB AEROSPACE COMPANY OFFICE SPACE COBOT ASSEMBLY LINE COBOT WORKSTATION AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLE (AGV) AGV + ITEM CAROUSEL OVERHEAD GANTRY 7-AXIS ARMS EXPERIMENTAL BUILD SPACE LOBBY LASER SINTERING MACHINE 4.5M SIDEWALK BIKE LANE INJECTION MOULDING AUTOMATED PACKAGING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING ARRAY LOADING BAY CONNECTION TO E45 HIGHWAY SERVICES EQUIPMENT OPPOSITE: AXONOMETRIC 62 AXONOMETRIC 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 22 23 5 4 63 DETAIL SECTION THROUGH HEAVY ASSEMBLY FLOOR 64 65 SECTION THROUGH CORE BUILDING SERVICES PRINT SHOP PACKAGING DELIVERIES LOBBY EXPERIMENTAL BUILD SPACE HEAVY ASSEMBLY HEAVY ASSEMBLY LIGHT ASSEMBLY MEETINGS DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT DRONE STARTUP LIGHT ASSEMBLY AIR DELIVERIES PUBLIC WORKSHOP AUDITORIUM 66 SOUTH ELEVATION 67 BASEMENT 68 GROUND FLOOR 69 ASSEMBLY 70 OFFICE 71 MEZZANINE 72 PUBLIC WORKSHOP 73 References Publications Marinetti, Somenzi, Mazzoni. 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