Investigation of machine learning approaches in process industry
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Examensarbete för masterexamen
Model builders
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Abstract
Today, industry is in continuous development, with digitalisation occurring at an
increasing rate. Industry 4.0 and Internet of Things are two common expression
which both concern the development of industry with focus on artificial intelligence
(AI). Studies have shown the benefits of applying various AI techniques in industry,
e.g. more accurate fault diagnostics and better estimation of remaining useful life
of process equipment.
The main aim of this master’s thesis project was to investigate and apply machine
learning methods as solutions to challenges identified in the process industry, and
evaluate the outcome.
A literature review was first conducted to gain insight in the process industry and its
current issues for which machine learning techniques could be applied. Thereafter,
a study visit to Södra Cell’s market pulp mill in Mönsterås was carried out, during
which a case study suitable for data-driven modeling was identified. The case study
involved one of the cooling towers at the mill, as well as process units in close proximity
to the cooling tower, for which input and output variables were defined. The
plant operators suspected fouling to negatively affect the performance of the cooling
tower, and asked if the system could be modeled to identify the fouling effect. This
hypothesis was investigated by modeling the system with two neural network architectures;
Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM),
the latter being a type of recurrent neural network (RNN). The neural networks
were modeled based on data extracted from four years with a time resolution of
one hour. Comparing the results of the MLP networks with the LSTM networks
led to the identification of recurrency, which in this case referred to the fouling effect.
Out of all output variables, conductivity was set as the target variable, or the variable
of extra interest, as it was assumed to directly correlate with the amount of
fouling occurring in the cooling tower system. As fouling occurs, there is an increase
of metal ions in the recirculating cooling stream, leading to an increase in the measured
conductivity.
The results showed that all LSTM networks, except for one, obtained better model
accuracy than the MLP networks. The best MLP network yielded a value of Mean
Squared Error (MSE) MSEMLP2 = 0.003067 while the best LSTM network, LSTM
7, yielded MSELSTM7 = 0.001335. Furthermore, all LSTM networks, regardless
of overall performance, modeled the conductivity output better than the MLP networks.
The results give a clear indication that there is some recurrency present in
the modeled system, which confirms the plant operators’ hypothesis of fouling ocv
curing in the system. The statistical model yielded in this thesis work could then be
used as groundwork for future projects. By accurately predicting the performance
of the cooling tower system, investment decisions and optimisation of operational
conditions could be carried out.
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Keywords
Industry 4.0, Internet of Things, Multilayer Perceptrons, Neural Networks, Recurrent Neural Networks, LSTM, Machine Learning, System modeling, Pulp Mill