Lithium Plating Detection Using EIS and ICA

Abstract

Abstract The rapid development of Fast Charging (FC) technology has significantly impacted the automotive industry, which is often accompanied by aging phenomena. This report presents a method to explore one such phenomenon: lithium plating. This method can help avoid conditions that lead to lithium plating during operation, thereby extending battery life and promoting Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) as viable alternatives to Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. This report focuses on aging mechanisms, particularly lithium plating, and proposes a detection method using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Incremental Capacity Analysis (ICA) and pulse test. Through comparative analysis and commercial battery testing, it verifies the reliability of the proposed method in identifying lithium plating during aging, which is beneficial for battery performance management. The result of this study is that both single-sine and multi-sine methods are equally effective in analyzing electrochemical systems. The voltage required to induce lithium plating varies across different materials, with the voltage limit of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622) being lower than that of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2(NMC811). Additionally, NMC811 exhibits higher initial resistance compared to NMC622, with more pronounced resistance fluctuations. Overcharging and discharging lead to lithium plating, s evidenced by the Nyquist plot shifting to the right in EIS, a decrease in peak intensity in ICA, increased resistance in pulse tests with cycling, and a gradual decrease in capacity retention.