Distance Attenuation of Tram Noise in Open Urban Areas
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Typ
Examensarbete för masterexamen
Master Thesis
Master Thesis
Program
Sound and vibration (MPSOV), MSc
Publicerad
2018
Författare
Regnström, Emil
Willig, Mattias
Modellbyggare
Tidskriftstitel
ISSN
Volymtitel
Utgivare
Sammanfattning
The aim of this work was to investigate how the rate of the sound attenuation from a tram changes over distance in an open city environment, and to get a better general understanding of the tram as a sound source. By setting up an array of microphones with an internal distance of approximately 8 meters, perpendicular to the tram tracks, measurements were carried out at three different locations in Oslo as well as two in Gothenburg, and the sound attenuation was analyzed for a total of five different tram types. The sound pressure level as a function of time, the average maximal A-weighted SPL at the various microphone positions, the rate of the sound attenuation at various distances, the spectral content as well as the spectral attenuation of the various tram types are presented and analyzed. The measurements are compared with simulations performed in Matlab. Parameters which seem to affect the rate of the sound attenuation are the strength of any point sources present (individual wheels or the engine) as well as the width of the sound source. Strong point sources dominating the sound field close to the tram lead to a high rate of the sound attenuation in this region, and a wide sound source leads to low attenuation further away from the tram. A wide sound source can for instance mean that strong point sources are located at the edges of the tram (front and rear) or that there is substantial noise coming from the rails in front of and behind the tram. The spectral content varies a lot between different tram types, and seems to depend on the speed of the tram. The spectral attenuation depends in the same way as for the total SPL attenuation on the distribution of the sound sources along the tram, as well as their individual spectral contents. An evenly spread low frequent rumbling of the tram body would for example have a lower rate of sound attenuation with increasing distance than the distinct (perhaps more high frequent) sound originating from an individual wheel. The measurements show that there are clear differences between the various tram types regarding sound attenuation and spectral content, and in Oslo there are also large variations from one measurement location to another within individual tram types. This can be due to the fact that the measurement conditions were less optimal in Oslo, and it might be wise to distinguish between a completely open environment, and a semi-open city environment when looking at sound attenuation from trams. In order to more accurately be able to predict the sound attenuation from trams in the future, the placement and strength of important sound sources should be localized and their spectral content determined. How the speed of the tram affects the individual strength and spectral content of the various sources should also be further studied so that predictions can be made for di˙erent city locations where the tram speed varies.
Beskrivning
Ämne/nyckelord
Building Futures , Akustik , Building Futures , Acoustics