Challenges and Opportunities in Sustainable Port Infrastructure: A Swedish Ports Perspective

Abstract

The transition to renewable energy and the climate target has shown the critical role of port infrastructure in enabling low-carbon maritime transport. This thesis explores how public authorities in Sweden and Germany navigate regulatory uncertainty, technical and financial constraints and governance challenges in developing sustainable shipping ports. The thesis was conducted through semi structured group interviews with municipal and regional representatives across eleven public authorities. Including both seaports, archipelago and inland ports this study addresses three central research questions:

1. How do public authorities handle uncertainness in regulations and policies for development of port infrastructure? 2. What are the barriers hindering sustainable development of port infrastructure? 3. What enablers exists at public authorities in sustainable development of short sea shipping ports?

Key findings reveal wide variation in regulatory competence: authorities proactively interpret complex EU and national legislation, further showing there is a lack of knowledge and resources. Further result shows absence of structured collaboration across municipalities, regions and with industry stakeholders. Physical and technical barriers, such as limited space, outdated quay structures, and minimal local expertise is a large issue in maintaining port infrastructure. Financial constraints and uncertain demand for alternative fuels compounds the challenges for sustainable port development.

The results highlight the importance of institutionalized communication forums, dedicated regulatory support, and shared investment frameworks. Delimitations include a focus on public actors rather than private port operators, and a focus on Swedish ports and one German port. These insights inform on strengthening governance structures and strategic planning to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy nodes and resilient port infrastructure.