Study for development of a modular battery pack for use in off-highway vehicles at sub zero temperature

Abstract

Abstract In this paper, a study regarding the possibility of using modular battery pack in OHVs at sub zero temperatures have been conducted. The paper looked into four different cathode chemistries, NMC, NCA, LFP, and PBa, as well as three different anode chemistries, graphite, TiO, and HC, and compared their traits once implemented in a full electrochemical cell. The report have also looked into three different cell form factor, cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch cells, and compared their cooling possibility and packaging constrains. In order to get a accurate representation of the requirements for the battery pack, the paper looked into the specification of several electric and non-electric OHVs. From the specification it was concluded that the battery pack needed to have a 147.6 to 295.1 Wh/L energy density, a cycle life of 812.5 to 2500 cycles, a continuous and peak discharge rate of 0.4E to 1.3E and 0.6E to 1.67E respectively, as well as a charge rate of 0.125E. By assuming a 60% package efficiency for cylindrical cells, as well as a 65% package efficiency for prismatic and pouch cells, thirteen out of twenty cells included in the paper met the requirements for them to be used in OHVs at sub zero temperature. Out of these thirteen cells, CATLs and Altris/Northvolts SIB cell using a PW cathode and a HC anode were the most promising cells to use due to their predicated lower cost of production per kWh compared to other cells