User willingness to accept vehicle-to-grid

Abstract

As electric vehicles (EVs) become more prevalent and the energy mix increasingly in cludes variable renewable energy (VRE), there is a growing need for strategies that bal ance electricity supply and demand. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology allows EVs to act as distributed storage units, feeding energy back to the grid during peak hours. However, the effectiveness of this approach depends on user participation. This thesis explores the willingness of EV users in Gothenburg, Sweden, to engage in V2G programs and accept different charging conditions and remuneration. A stated choice experiment was designed and distributed to EV users and vehicle owners, collecting 153 valid responses. The survey included demographic questions, behavioral preferences, concerns, and dis crete choice tasks involving four key attributes: minimum guaranteed range, minimum plug-in hours, days of required connection per week, and monthly remuneration. The resulting data were analyzed using a multinomial logit model implemented in Biogeme. The findings reveal that plug-in time and financial compensation are the most influ ential factors affecting involvement. Longer plug-in requirements reduce utility, while higher recompense increases it. Users also showed moderate sensitivity to guaranteed driving range and a slight positive inclination toward routine schedules. Willingness to accept calculations and scenario simulations show that participation likelihood increases significantly when plug-in requirements are lower or when monthly payment reaches real istic upper thresholds. This research provides quantitative insights into user preferences and offers recommendations for designing user-centric V2G programs that align technical feasibility with behavioral acceptance, ultimately supporting grid flexibility and decar bonization goals.