Teknikens ekonomi och organisation // Technology Management and Economics
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Arbetar med samspelet mellan teknikutveckling, industriella processer, samhälle, människa och miljö.
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Works at the intersection of technology development, industrial processes, society, human actors and the environment.
Studying at the Department of Technology Management and Economics at Chalmers
For research and research output, please visit https://research.chalmers.se/en/organization/technology-management-and-economics/
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- PostA Calculation Model for Packaging Demand - Calculating the basis for investment for inbound packaging with the variable packaging per car at Volvo Cars(2016) Andersson Ericsdotter, Evelina; Rosenkvist, Emma; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and EconomicsReport no. E2016:009, Volvo Cars handles and plans its own returnable packaging material and the purpose is to serve the suppliers, plants and terminals with packaging material like pallets, boxes and frames. Returnable packaging is made out of durable materials so it can be used several times. To be able to in time serve the production plants with packaging material the company needs to make calculations based on real factors and numbers. One of the tasks for the department Packaging Operations is to secure the packaging availability. If there is shortage of packaging it can cause a stop in the production line and this is caused because the suppliers are short of packaging to pack their products on, which can cause delays in the production. To prevent this problem, the department has developed a calculation model in Excel to calculate the required packaging in circulation for different time periods and the outcome is an investment sum. This model is based on three variables: production volume, loop time and packaging per car. The last variable defines the amount of packaging needed to manufacture one car model and loop time is the time it takes for one packaging to travel from the terminal to the supplier, from the supplier to the plants and finally back to the terminal before it is sent out again. However, the department saw an opportunity to develop this model with more accurate numbers and data, make it more user-friendly and general so the data and assumptions could be updated easily. The purpose of this thesis was to improve and verify the original model and the wanted outcome was to develop a new model and make it useful according to two perspectives. The short-term perspective that the model will achieve is to secure packaging availability and make investments in time to always be able to serve the suppliers with packaging. Moreover, the long-term perspective is to plan the cost for future car models and the time span for this is over three years from now. Today there is lack of reliable data at the department to get an understanding if there is enough packaging in circulation and to decide the cost for future car models, so the new model will fulfil both these perspectives. Using information from an analysis of the original model, requirements for the new model and by making a gap analysis between the original model and the requirements developed the new model. First, the new model consists of two documents, one to calculate packaging per car and the other to calculate the investment sum. Both of the documents are improved and are now more general than the original model, the raw data can be updated easily and the calculations will automatically using the updated data and present it. Another improvement is that the assumptions for example loop time can be regulated at any time and the calculations will adjust to the changes automatically. A user manual exists to facilitate the transfer of knowledge to the concerned department. However, it is a prerequisite that the user has prior knowledge about the organization and processes to also evaluate the outcome’s reliability. There are some improvement potentials and weaknesses to further consider for Volvo Cars. The purpose of this thesis was to develop a model and not to evaluate the numbers used in the model. However, the raw data changes frequently and thus the investment sum. A first step to increase the reliability of the investment sum is to verify the numbers and assumptions. In conclusion, a functioning model is delivered to Volvo Cars, but the numbers need to be evaluated and analysed to be able to trust the investment sum
- PostAffärsmöjligheter för förnybara fordonsdrivmedel En undersökning av affärsmodeller för alternativa drivmedel till den svenska transportsektorn(2016) Jusufi, Arber; Saleh, Shairdel; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and Economics
- PostAgile Methods at Delphi Automotive Torslanda When and how they are appropriate(2016) Lagerstedt, Karolina; Svensson, Filippa; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and Economics
- PostAnalys av informations- och patientflöden inom akutsjukvård(2017) Berntsson, Kevin; Gröning, Erik; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and EconomicsSvensk sjukvård har under flera år haft problem med en åldrande befolkning såväl som en ökande efterfrågan på god vård. I jämförelse med de övriga nordiska länderna har svensk sjukvård dock en låg produktivitet, vilket orsakar långa ledtider. För att bemöta dessa problem är en ökad förståelse för patientflöden och förmåga att styra patientflöden av stor vikt. Denna studie genomfördes vid Skaraborgs sjukhus Skövde (SkaS), där det akuta patientflödet samt hur beslut rörande flödet tas studerades. Slutsatserna och rekommendationerna som presenteras i rapporten grundas på empiriska studier, såsom observationer och intervjuer samt litteraturstudier. Målet med studien var att belysa koordinatorns nuvarande situation, vars roll är att styra patienterna till rätt avdelning för deras åkommor. Studien visar att möjligheten att göra detta begränsas av ett bristande informationsflöde. Genom att skapa ett bättre medel för informationen att flöda mellan relevanta nyckelpersoner är förhoppningen att flertalet slöserier i organisationen ska kunna elimineras, vilket leder till andelen värdeskapande aktiviteter ökar.
- PostAnalys av komponentflöde - Förbättringsförslag gällande informations- och materialflöde mellan Huskvarna Manufacturing och en underleverantör(2015) Brengesjö, Lydia; Rubensson, Louise; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and EconomicsE2015:047, Huskvarna Manufacturing is a manufacturing company within the Husqvarna Group. Huskvarna Manufacturing (referred to as HM) produces construction products, chain saws and brush cutters. To be able to manufacture these complex products, HM are using several suppliers in order to source material for them. One company among these suppliers is Bufab. Huskvarna Manufacturing has identified problems related to the business relationship with Bufab. The study aims to find root causes to the problems at HM connected to articles from Bufab. The purpose is also to find improvements in order to decrease waste. To make sure the study fulfils this, three questions are to be answered. 1. Which root causes can be found to problems within the material- and information flow between HM and Bufab? Value stream mapping, a tool from lean production, has been used in order to identify problems. These mappings have been conducted at both HM and Bufab. Interviews have been held with certain personnel. A method called “5 whys” has been used to find root causes of the problems. The study has found the following root causes; -‐ Inventory transactions -‐ Agreements and contracts -‐ Only requirements of goods within manufacturing are communicated to Bufab -‐ Computer systems are inflexible -‐ Lack of communication -‐ Manually handling -‐ The logistic flow of brush cutters are not treated as one. 2. How severe are root causes when compared? Root caues, which have been found through”5 whys”, have been ranked according to how many problems that occur from them. The four root causes that are contributing to highest numbers of problems are inventory transactions, only requirements of goods within manufacturing are communicated to Bufab, manually handling, and that the logistic flow of brush cutters are not treated as one. Agreements and contracts are of such importance for the business relationship, and therefore this root cause was also considered as important. 3. Which improvements are important for HM in order to reduce both the lack of material and also waste connected to articles sourced by Bufab? Improvements are made in order to reduce the chosen root causes. The improvements have both a short-term and a long-term perspective, and are supposed to fit in with the concept of lean production. The improvements are as follows; -‐ Continuous update of agreements and contracts, as well as standards to audit them. -‐ Change the way that the inventory transactions are made, so that accurate articles will be included in product set-ups. -‐ Separate the need of articles included in manufacturing, from articles included in packaging of manufactured products. II -‐ Secure that the right articles have been picked from inventory, by scanning the barcode of the article. -‐ Change working methods used in the brush cutter-flow, by giving the activity when packaging brush cutters, control of the flow. Other observations have been found during the study, and overall recommendations have been found to reduce them. The recommendations are as follows; -‐ Bin system -‐ Bufab will source articles by using a separate rack of shelves at the HM facility. -‐ The pre-packing of kits to the brusch cutters can have a wider time-span in their planning. -‐ Communication The final conclusion of the study is that value stream mapping is a preferable method to collect know-how within the company, reach a deeper understanding of the internal business and also to identify problems. The importance of effectiveness does not only comprehend the production technologies, but also the information flow. This is why an effective communication strategy, as well as a culture with the intention to solve problems, in a business situation characterized by complexity.
- PostAnalys av ledtider och materialspill i ett svenskt textilföretag(2018) Kamperin, Axel; Andersson, Filip; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and EconomicsDenna studie har genomförts på Almedahls AB i Kinna. De tillverkar mörkläggande gardintyger av olika slag. Företaget hade uttryckt en önskan om att mäta ledtiderna de har på sina produkter samt hitta lösningar för att reducera dessa för att bli mer konkurrenskraftiga. Utöver ledtiderna önskade företaget att en analys av materialspillet skulle göras, dels för att kartlägga hur stort detta var men även för att hitta arbetssätt som kan leda till en reducering av dessa. Syftet med denna studie är att ta fram och föreslå förbättringar inom Almedahls tillverkning, dels för att korta ner ledtiderna och få ett effektivare flöde i produktionen, men även för att reducera det materialspill som uppstår. Studien har avgränsats till företagets interna processer där mätningar har gjorts från råvarulager till avsyningen som är den sista processen innan färdigvarulagret. Det materialspill som studien analyserar hänförs till spill av väv. Studien har för avsikt att ge rekommendationer till företaget där implementering inte är en del av studien. Resultatet från studien är att den genomsnittliga ledtiden är 10,5 arbetsdagar där den genomsnittliga processtiden utgör 0,8 av dessa dagar. Den genomsnittliga mellanlagringstiden som förekommer mellan två maskiner är 50 timmar. Materialspillet som identifierats i produktionen var under det första kvartalet 10,04% av den totala volym som har producerats under samma period. De fyra största felen som har kategoriserats är ”små avdrag”, ”söm och sömavtryck”, ”rakelränder” och ”varpgarnsfel”. I slutsatsen presenteras rekommenderade lösningsförslag som innefattar nya arbetssätt som syftar till att sänka både ledtider och materialspill. De nya arbetssätten handlar bland annat om att förbättra kommunikationen mellan företagets olika avdelningar samt standardisera produktionen.
- PostAnalys av logistiska flöden samt förslag till finansiell besparing vid alternativa transportsätt(2014) Andersson, Anna; Berglund, Henrik; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and EconomicsE2014:036, The idea for the project emerged when Nilorn wanted to get better control over their supply chain and improve operational efficiency. The company also want to reduce their expenses in the continuous process of improving profitability. By choosing the right option of transportation and mode of transport there are large potential savings for the company. This enables Nilorn to reduce the transportation costs and strengthen the environmental responsibilities by reducing their environmental impact. The flow of goods within Nilorn has over the past years increased significantly and most of the gods today is transported by air. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the supply chain of the company and evaluate the potential economic savings in this area. The project will simplify the company’s choice in their options of transportation and future freight procurement. The project identifies and maps out the company's air freight flows to find out if there are savings in terms of the transportation options, standard or express shipping. The largest flow today is between Hong Kong and Hilden in Germany and is analysed after the mapping. This in aim of determines the opportunities to consolidate more of the companies' goods by sea. Three consolidation scenarios are presented and one of them is analysed to demonstrate the various financial saving opportunities for Nilorn. The project also highlights aspects of the Nilorn Group's environmental issues and the environmental impact. The central warehouse in Hilden has been the starting point for the project as it is the hub of the Nilorn supply chain. Major focus has also been placed on the unit in Hong Kong as it also is one of the major hubs within Nilorn. Based on the main flows the annual savings is 204 593 SEK in the choice between standard and express shipping. Five breakpoints were found in the mapping of the main flows. Where breakpoints exist, express shipping is preferable rather than standard shipping from an economic perspective. There are also opportunities for Nilorn to consolidate goods from Hong Kong and increase the sea freights. One scenario was selected and to indicate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats a SWOT analysis was used. The analysis demonstrates that the strengths of the chosen scenario are the delivery flexibility, the environmental impact and the freight charge. The weaknesses identified were the delivery time and the planning. An annual saving of 486 061 SEK can be achieved.
- PostAnalys av material- och informationsflöden vid Gunnebo Industries fabrik i Växjö(2016) Nygård, Andreas; Pettersson, Tim; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and EconomicsE2016:086, Fluktuerande efterfrågan är något som försvårar produktionsplaneringen för många företag. Gunnebo Industries fabrik i Växjö är ett av dessa. I fabriken produceras många olika produktvarianter vilket försvårar situationen ytterligare. Fabriken levererar produkter till Gunnebos Central Warehouse (CW) som är Gunnebos centrallager. Volymerna som CW beställer varierar kraftigt och ofta är det stora ordrar vilket gör att det är svårt för fabriken att kunna planera sin produktion effektivt. Syftet med ex-jobbet är att identifiera slöserier och ta fram förbättringsförslag för att reducera eller eliminera dessa. Förbättringsförslagen har tagits fram i enighet med lean production. De produkter som ex-jobbet behandlar är högvolymprodukten Länk G-13-10 samt den inte lika efterfrågade produkten RLP M8/M10-10. Den metodik som användes för att identifiera slöserier var i första hand värdeflödesanalys vilken användes som grund för förbättringsförslagen. För att genomföra värdeflödesanalysen utfördes egna mätningar och data samlades även in från Gunnebos affärssystem, produktionsuppföljningssystem samt genom intervjuer. Produktionen kan delas in i två delar: smide och bearbetning. I smidesavdelningen kapas, smides och härdas materialet. Dessa processer ger produkten dess form och hårdhet. I bearbetningen genomgår produkten bl.a. provning, lackering, paketering och bearbetning. För att erhålla en så god förståelse som möjligt om de olika processerna har flertalet intervjuer med operatörer genomförts då de har bäst kunskap om processerna. Slöserier identifierade i form av väntan, lager, omarbete och outnyttjad kreativitet. I dagsläget har Gunnebo en ledtid på 118,5 dagar för RLP M8/M10-10 och 36,5 dagar för Länk G-13-10 från det att råmaterial levereras till fabriken till det att färdiga produkter lämnar fabriken. Nästan uteslutande består denna ledtid av kö och författarna föreslår olika förbättringsförslag för att kunna producera mindre batchstorlekar för att erhålla kortare ledtider. Vidare presenteras förbättringsåtgärder som inte direkt rör produktionsflödet men som för fabriken kan innebära kostnadsbesparingar.
- PostAnalys av patientflöde på slutenvårdsavdelning(2016) Gabinus, Philip; Söderberg, Daniel; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and Economics
- PostAnalys och förslag till reducering av slöseri i en utbildningsprocess(2013) Berggren, Victoria; Westblom, Lovisa; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and Economics
- PostAnalysis of Attachment Techniques of Exterior Parts in Car Assembly - A Technical Evaluation(2017) Larsson, Filip; Tennby, Anton; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and EconomicsE2017:028, This thesis has been carried out with the purpose to provide knowledge and help CEVT in future decision-making processes of selecting suitable attachment techniques for joining exterior car body parts in order to enable an efficient production of competitive cars. The thesis has been performed at Chalmers University of Technology in cooperation with CEVT AB, a development centre for future cars of the Geely Group. Companies active in the car industry uses different methods when fastening plastic exterior car body parts and standardized solution is yet to be found. Previous research of development is limited in this area and the issue comes and goes in accordance to automotive trends. Instead, current fastening methods are based mostly on practical experience and knowledge. On behalf of CEVT, an evaluation is made regarding which fastening method is preferable to use for attaching exterior car body parts with respect to cost, quality, productivity and ergonomics. This area is therefore of great interest to the car manufacturing industry in addition to its suppliers and customers. Hence, this thesis delivers: • A complete analysis of the fastening methods used in car manufacturing of exterior car body parts • An evaluation matrix that treats qualitative data • A cost model tool designed to help CEVT compare investments and return rate of the fastening methods • Guidelines regarding design aspects and common quality issues for the fastening methods The course of this thesis is based on interviews with suppliers and experts in combination with study visits at Volvo Car’s production plant as well as technical workshops. The results of this thesis shows that a majority of today’s car manufacturers uses mechanical attachments for joining exterior car body parts and only a minority group of pioneers combines mechanical attachments with adhesive tape for wheel fender flare extensions. The process mapping and time studies shows that adhesive taping is a more complex and time demanding process in production when compared to snap-fit fasteners. The study has shown that it is not about what fastening method to use, it is about how to design for the right application. The use of immature methods is a symptom of a larger, organizational problem caused by late changes, which should be further explored.
- PostÅtgärder för att sänka valsbytestiden vid Holmen Paper Braviken(2017) Lundqvist, Filip; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and EconomicsE2017:100, Holmen Paper is a company in the forest industry group Holmen which specializes in the areas forest and energy. At Holmen Paper Braviken, where the project has taken place, magazine paper, book paper, catalog paper and newspaper is being produced. The product development often occurs in discussion with customers and the increased demand for super calendered paper has led to Holmen recently invest- ing in a new calender for one of their paper machines. In the new calender, there has been a problem with the changing of the rolls being too long which leads to a longer stop time. Therefore, the aim of this project is to bring forth suggestions of measures for how Holmen should work to reduce their time for changing the rolls. These measures should be quantifiable in time and money. The course of action for the project has been two case studies. The first were time studies of the change of rolls which were later analyzed based on the SMED-method. The second case study were interviews where all the staff with some sort of relation to the change of rolls were interviewed. The two case studies along with a present state description then resulted in a present state analysis where the results were presented. The results, based on the present state analysis, show that the problems that exist are closely related to the organizational work. Since several different units are in- volved, one has not been able to come up with a structured way of working with improvements. There are also several factors that collide between different work and that there are people with key competences which counteracts a stable system. To create a stable system, a standardized work has been developed for rotation of the work and to decrease the need for key competences. In the work method, there is also a step which is now being performed during the change of roll but which could just as easily be prepared in advance. It is recommended that this step is prepared in advance because it would decrease the time for the change of rolls.
- PostAtt reducera ledtiden i en produktion med hög variation och låg volym - En casestudie på Lab.gruppen(2013) Edespong, Linnea; Greén, Matilda; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and EconomicsDue to increasing product availability and higher demands on fast deliveries, the competition between companies is growing. To be able to satisfy the customers’ requests an efficient logistics system with short throughput time is required. By using tools associated with Lean production companies are able to make great improvements in their manufacturing systems and reduce lead times to satisfy customer demands. There are two classifications associated with manufacturing, high variety and low volume (HVLV) and low volume and high variety (LVHV). The general belief is that the concept of Lean production is difficult to implement in a production environment with high variety and low volume due to the concept being adapted to mass production. It has been established that different efforts are required to be able to successfully make such an implementation. The company Lab.gruppen is considered to have a production process that falls in between the two manufacturing classifications, but leaning more towards high variety and low volume. The company also has a high degree of control and test of their products. The objective of the case study is to investigate how the lead time in a production flow, characterized by high variety and low volume, can be reduced without deviating from the requirement of testing all products. The company’s value stream has been mapped using the Lean method Value stream mapping presented by Rother and Shook (2003). This has been done to investigate the current state of the production flow as well as identifying factors that affect the lead time. The problem areas were identified and some actions to be taken were proposed in a future state map. A theoretical study was performed to investigate what factors affect the lead time in a company with HVLV qualifications, which resulted in an analytical framework. With the analytical framework and the empirical study as a base, an analysis was executed to reach the purpose of the study. One conclusion was that testing was not the main factor to affect the lead time. According to the case study it was shown that products waiting in between the processes had the greatest effect on the lead time. In addition, it was established that adapted Lean production principles are possible to implement in a company with given conditions.
- PostBiogas till kemisk industri En fallstudie som undersöker affärsmöjligheter och hinder för biogas som råvara och energi i industrin, med fokus på kemiföretag i Västsverige(2013) Falsen, Christoffer; Kuylenstierna, Frida; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and Economics
- PostBluetooth based andon system - A case study at Nock Massiva Trähus(2019) Pohl, Konrad; Bergqvist, Johanna; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and Economics
- PostBRA Metodik - Balanserad ruttanpassning för mjölkrundetåg i JIT-organiserade monteringsavsnitt(2014) Andersson, Carl; Kype, Björn; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and EconomicsE2014:043, This thesis aspires to construct a routing optimization method customized for Volvo Powerstrain’s manufacturing plant in Skövde, Sweden. In order to enforce Volvo’s own understanding and control of there own organization, as well as optimize the utilization of the in-house tow trains, the BRO methodology where created. The methodology where created from observations of the currents working environment, analysis of order data as well as a comparison with two similar producing factories. The solution created is limited to be used on in-house tow trains, delivering from a supermarket using milk-runs. It is also adapted, but not limited for use in combination with Kanban and JIT. BRO is a 13-step methodology, divided up into 3 blocks, which utilizes heuristic decision-making and basic resource balancing for laying optimized routes.
- PostCSR och affärsnytta i ett småföretag - En studie på ACG Nyström AB, Borås(2013) Dang, Jenny; Ohls, Martin; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and Economics
- PostDaglig styrning på ett legotillverkande företag(2015) Vallin, Signe; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and Economics
- PostDeveloping a method for mapping processes in an IT start-up(2017) Desaix, Axel; Nyman, Zackarias Heydorn; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and Economics
- PostEffektivisering av interna materialflöden - En fallstudie på ett svenskt tillverkningsföretag(2019) Wiss, David; Tegbrant, August; Chalmers tekniska högskola / Institutionen för teknikens ekonomi och organisation; Chalmers University of Technology / Department of Technology Management and EconomicsStudien genomfördes på Swedish Match som har ungefär 5400 anställda och en omsättning på omkring 16 miljarder kronor. Företaget utvecklar, tillverkar och säljer tobaksprodukter. I Sverige återfinns två fabriker som tillverkar snus lokaliserade i Göteborg och Kungälv, där studien genomfördes i den sistnämnda fabriken. Omfattningen av studerat materialflöde avgränsades från godsmottagning till första produktionsstation samt från sista förädlingsprocess till utlastning. Syftet med studien var att ta fram förslag på hur det interna materialflödet kan effektiviseras. En ökning av produktionsvolym i kombination med hög produktmix har skapat platsbrist och ineffektiv materialhantering. En litteraturstudie genomfördes inom områdena ledtid, lean produktion, produktionsstyrning, lager, materialstyrning, informationssystem för logistik samt logistik och IT. Datainsamling genomfördes genom intervjuer, observationer och processkartläggning. Utifrån insamlad information gjordes en nulägesbeskrivning som låg till grund för vidare analys och framtagning av förbättringsförslag. Denna innehöll fabrikslayout, lager, material- och informationsflöden, affärssystem och arbetsrutiner. Problemområden identifierades utifrån nulägesbeskrivningen och genom att använda verktyg som bland annat fiskbensdiagram kunde problemen och orsakerna till varför de uppstått analyseras. Problemområdena som uppmärksammats utifrån nulägesbeskrivningen och analyserats är materialhantering vid stora kvantiteter inkommande material, platsbrist i lager, långa transportsträckor för ZYN-artiklar samt kommunikations- och informationsflöden. För att förbättra materialflödet i fabriken rekommenderas följande åtgärder: införande av slottider för inleveranser, basera inköp på förbrukning genom att använda dragande system, använda svensk leverantör av ask och lock till ZYN-produkter, integrera packning och etikettering i samma produktionsavsnitt samt utöka användningen av visuell styrning.