Improving energy grades in norwegian dwellings through local PV and battery systems a path to zero-emission

Abstract

The EU has introduced the EPBD, which was implemented in 2024, and is a new directive targeting energy performance in buildings, which aims to reach a zero-emission building stock by 2050. Additionally, it states that 55% of the total reduction must come from renovating 43% of the worst-performing buildings. This thesis aims to investigate how to reach a zero-emission residential building stock in Norway, through investigating various energy reduction measures in existing dwellings, and how they will contribute to the energy grading based on the energy labeling system. The study’s results are based on literature review, data collection, case studies, as well as utilizing mixed integer linear programming to investigate the intricacies of using PV panels, batteries, and flexible loads. The analysis shows in terms of cost, traditional measures such as insulation remain more economically feasible. But it’s PV and hybrid systems that deliver the biggest energy reduction. A major limitation is that battery systems currently receive no Enova subsidies, even though they have a high impact on both grading and self-consumption. That’s something worth re-evaluating at the policy level. Overall, PV and battery solutions show strong potential, both in older buildings, like Rørvollveien 17, and in homes already close to grade A, like Jongsåsveien 31 A, and they can play a central role in reaching a zero-emission building stock.